April 2025

Justice B.R. Gavai has been appointed as the 52nd Chief Justice of India (CJI), effective from May 14, 2025, following the retirement of incumbent CJI Sanjiv Khanna on May 13. The appointment was confirmed by a notification from the Union Ministry of Law and Justice. Justice Gavai will serve for over six months, retiring on November 23, 2025.

He was elevated to the Supreme Court in May 2019 after serving as a judge in the Bombay High Court since 2003. Before his judicial career, he practiced constitutional and administrative law and held various legal positions, including Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor at the Nagpur Bench of the Bombay High Court.

On 28 April 2025, the Jammu and Kashmir Assembly passed a resolution condemning the terrorist attack in Pahalgam that killed 26 people. Moved by Deputy Chief Minister Surinder Choudhary, the session began with a two-minute silence to honor the victims.

The resolution stated that the attack was an assault on Kashmiriyat, the Constitution, and the spirit of unity, peace, and harmony in the region. It also honored Shaheed Syed Adil Hussain Shah, a pony ride operator who died while trying to save tourists.

The Assembly praised the resilience and unity shown by the people of Jammu and Kashmir after the attack and expressed support for the Centre’s diplomatic measures announced after the Cabinet Committee on Security meeting on 23 April.

India and France signed a ₹63,000 crore defence agreement on 28 April 2025 for the acquisition of 26 Rafale Marine combat aircraft. The deal was signed at the Defence Ministry headquarters in New Delhi, after approval by the Cabinet Committee on Security.

France was represented by its Ambassador to India, and Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh led the Indian delegation. Both Defence Ministers attended remotely, with the French minister cancelling an in-person visit due to personal reasons.

The Indian Navy urgently needs new carrier-borne fighter jets to replace its aging MiG-29K fleet. The Rafale Marine aircraft will be deployed aboard INS Vikrant, India’s indigenous aircraft carrier.

The contract includes 22 single-seater and 4 twin-seater Rafale M jets, configured for Indian needs, along with maintenance support, logistics, training, and indigenous component manufacturing.

The Rafale M jets will operate alongside MiG-29Ks on INS Vikrant, enhancing naval capabilities. The Indian Air Force already operates 36 Rafale aircraft, and with this deal, India’s Rafale fleet will expand to 62, bolstering its 4.5-generation fighter jet strength.

Indian Naval Ship (INS) Sunayna arrived at Port Louis, Mauritius, on April 26, 2025, after completing Phase I of Joint Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) surveillance with the National Coast Guard (NCG) Mauritius, the Ministry of Defence announced. This visit strengthens regional maritime cooperation and capacity-building with nations in the South Western Indian Ocean.

INS Sunayna, which sailed from Karwar on April 5, is carrying 44 naval personnel from nine Indian Ocean Region nations, including Mauritian officers and sailors. The ship and its multinational crew received a warm welcome from senior Mauritian officials and the Indian High Commission.

During the two-day port call, activities include official meetings, squadron visits, joint yoga sessions, trekking, and friendly sports events. The ship will also be open to public visitors. After Mauritius, INS Sunayna will begin Phase II of Joint EEZ surveillance and then sail to Seychelles.

INS Sunayna is a Saryu-class Naval Offshore Patrol Vessel equipped for anti-piracy, maritime surveillance, and humanitarian missions, featuring advanced weaponry, electronic warfare systems, and helicopter support.

The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, governs the sharing of the Indus River system. Brokered by the World Bank, the treaty grants Pakistan control over the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab) while India retains rights over the eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej). Despite tensions, the treaty has remained intact for over six decades.

Recent Developments

Following the Pahalgam terror attack on April 22, 2025, India has suspended the Indus Waters Treaty, citing Pakistan’s continued support for cross-border terrorism. The Indian government formally notified Pakistan of this decision, stating that the treaty’s fundamental assumptions have changed due to demographic shifts, clean energy needs, and security concerns.

India’s move has strategic implications, as it could disrupt Pakistan’s irrigation, reservoirs, and hydropower projects. The suspension also allows India to exercise greater control over water resources, including flushing reservoirs and modifying hydropower project designs.

Pakistan has retaliated diplomatically, suspending trade ties and visa agreements with India. The situation remains fluid, with India signaling that the treaty could be reinstated if Pakistan ceases its support for terrorism.

Dr. K. Kasturirangan, former ISRO Chairman and a key contributor to India’s National Education Policy, passed away at age 84 at his residence in Bengaluru on April 25, 2025. As ISRO Chairman, he was instrumental in the development of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and led the Indian Space Programme for over nine years, stepping down in August 2003.

He also served as Chancellor of JNU, Chairman of the Karnataka Knowledge Commission, Director of the National Institute of Advanced Studies, and was a Rajya Sabha member from 2003 to 2009.

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has achieved a major milestone in hypersonic technology by successfully conducting ground testing of an active cooled scramjet subscale combustor for over 1,000 seconds. This test, conducted at DRDL Hyderabad in a new state-of-the-art Scramjet Connect Test Facility, builds on a previous 120-second test in January.

The achievement brings India closer to developing a full-scale flight-worthy scramjet engine. Defence Minister Rajnath Singh praised the DRDO, industry, and academia, calling it a testament to India’s commitment to developing critical hypersonic weapon technologies.

Hypersonic cruise missiles, which travel at speeds over Mach 5, rely on air-breathing propulsion systems like scramjets, and this test validates both the long-duration combustor design and the new testing infrastructure.

The National Zero Measles-Rubella Elimination Campaign 2025–26 was launched on 24 April 2025 in New Delhi, marking the start of World Immunisation Week. The campaign aims to eliminate Measles and Rubella by 2026 by ensuring 100% immunisation coverage with two vaccine doses for children.

Health Minister J. P. Nadda, launching the campaign virtually, noted that 332 districts reported zero measles cases and 487 districts zero rubella cases from January to March 2025. He urged public involvement (Jan Bhagidari) and the participation of MLAs, MPs, and local leaders to spread awareness.

Measles and Rubella are highly infectious viral diseases that can lead to serious health issues or death. Under the Universal Immunisation Programme, vaccines are provided free of cost at 9–12 months and 16–24 months of age. In 2024, India recorded a 73% drop in Measles and a 17% drop in Rubella cases compared to 2023.

Following the Pahalgam terror attack, the Indian government has implemented strong retaliatory measures. On April 23, 2025, the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS), chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, reviewed the situation and directed all security forces to remain on high alert.

India has suspended the Indus Waters Treaty (1960) and shut down the Integrated Check Post at Attari with immediate effect. Additionally, Pakistani nationals are no longer permitted to travel to India under the SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme (SVES), and previously issued SVES visas to them are now cancelled. Pakistani nationals in India under this visa scheme must leave the country within 48 hours.

The CCS highlighted the cross-border links of the terror attack, which coincided with Jammu and Kashmir’s peaceful elections and developmental progress. The attack was condemned strongly, and international support has poured in, with many countries expressing solidarity and a zero-tolerance stance on terrorism.