The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, governs the sharing of the Indus River system. Brokered by the World Bank, the treaty grants Pakistan control over the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab) while India retains rights over the eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej). Despite tensions, the treaty has remained intact for over six decades.
Recent Developments
Following the Pahalgam terror attack on April 22, 2025, India has suspended the Indus Waters Treaty, citing Pakistan’s continued support for cross-border terrorism. The Indian government formally notified Pakistan of this decision, stating that the treaty’s fundamental assumptions have changed due to demographic shifts, clean energy needs, and security concerns.
India’s move has strategic implications, as it could disrupt Pakistan’s irrigation, reservoirs, and hydropower projects. The suspension also allows India to exercise greater control over water resources, including flushing reservoirs and modifying hydropower project designs.
Pakistan has retaliated diplomatically, suspending trade ties and visa agreements with India. The situation remains fluid, with India signaling that the treaty could be reinstated if Pakistan ceases its support for terrorism.
