Current Affairs

Current Affairs is the most important part of every competitive exam in India. At gknow.in, we provide accurate, exam-focused, and easy-to-read current affairs to help aspirants prepare confidently for SSC, UPSC, Banking, Railways, Defence, State PCS, and other government exams.

This parent category covers all major current affairs topics, including:

  • National Current Affairs – Government updates, policies, bills, and major developments

  • International Affairs – Global events, agreements, and geopolitical updates

  • Awards & Honours – National and international recognitions

  • Culture & Heritage – Festivals, traditions, and notable cultural events

  • Science & Technology – ISRO, DRDO, space missions, innovations, discoveries

  • Polity & Governance – Constitutional amendments, committees, judicial updates

  • Important Days & Themes – Monthly observances and exam-relevant themes

  • Government Schemes – New initiatives, updates, launches, and budgets

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India’s First Bullet Train to Launch on Independence Day 2027: Mumbai–Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail Project

India’s first bullet train is scheduled to be inaugurated on 15 August 2027, coinciding with Independence Day, marking a historic milestone in the country’s infrastructure development. The high-speed rail service will operate on the 508-km Mumbai–Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail Corridor, dramatically transforming intercity travel between western India’s major economic hubs.

The project is being implemented by the National High-Speed Rail Corporation Limited (NHSRCL) with technical collaboration from Japan, using globally proven Shinkansen technology. Bullet trains on this corridor will run at speeds of up to 320 km/h, reducing travel time between Mumbai and Ahmedabad from the current 6–7 hours to about 2–3 hours.

The corridor will pass through Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Dadra & Nagar Haveli, and include 12 modern stations, such as Mumbai, Thane, Virar, Vapi, Surat, Vadodara, Anand, Ahmedabad, and Sabarmati. The rollout will take place in phases, with intermediate sections becoming operational before the full stretch is completed.

With an estimated cost of around ₹1 lakh crore, the bullet train project is expected to boost regional connectivity, economic activity, tourism, and trade, while introducing advanced rail technology and enhanced safety standards. Beyond faster travel, the project symbolizes India’s leap toward world-class transport infrastructure and a new era of modern, efficient, and sustainable mobility.

Sjoerd Marijne Appointed Chief Coach of Indian Women’s Hockey Team

On 2 January 2025, Sjoerd Marijne has been appointed as the chief coach of the Indian women’s hockey team, as announced by Hockey India. The experienced Dutch coach previously guided the Indian women’s team to a historic fourth-place finish at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, marking only their second Olympic appearance in over 36 years and their best-ever performance at the Games.

Marijne’s first major assignment in his new role will be the FIH Hockey Women’s World Cup Qualifiers, scheduled to be held in Hyderabad, Telangana, from 8 to 14 March. These qualifiers are crucial for India’s bid to secure a place in the upcoming Women’s Hockey World Cup. He is set to arrive in India on 14 January, ahead of the National Coaching Camp, which will commence on 19 January at SAI, Bengaluru.

Hockey India President Dilip Tirkey expressed appreciation to the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports and the Sports Authority of India for facilitating the timely appointment. The move is aimed at ensuring optimal preparation and continuity as the Indian women’s hockey team gears up for key international competitions.

Air Marshal Nagesh Kapoor Assumes Charge as Vice Chief of the Air Staff, Indian Air Force

Air Marshal Nagesh Kapoor SYSM PVSM AVSM VM assumed charge as the Vice Chief of the Air Staff (VCAS) of the Indian Air Force on 1 January 2026, succeeding Air Marshal Narmdeshwar Tiwari, who superannuated after four decades of distinguished service.

An alumnus of the National Defence Academy, Air Marshal Kapoor was commissioned into the fighter stream of the Flying Branch in December 1986. A highly experienced fighter pilot, Qualified Flying Instructor, and Fighter Combat Leader, he has flown all variants of the MiG-21 and MiG-29 aircraft and has logged over 3,400 flying hours on combat and trainer aircraft.

With more than 39 years of illustrious service, he has held a wide range of command, operational, instructional, and staff appointments. His key roles include Commanding Officer of a fighter squadron, Station Commander of a major flying base, Air Officer Commanding of a premier air base, Chief Instructor (Flying) at the Air Force Academy, and Directing Staff at the Defence Services Staff College. He also played a crucial role in the induction and operationalisation of the PC-7 Mk II trainer aircraft.

Air Marshal Kapoor has served as Defence Attaché to Pakistan and held senior strategic positions at Air Headquarters. Prior to his present appointment, he was the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Training Command and South Western Air Command. In recognition of his exceptional service, he has been awarded multiple gallantry and distinguished service medals, including Param Vishisht Seva Medal and Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal.


“The Light & the Lotus”: Grand Exposition of Sacred Piprahwa Relics to be Inaugurated in New Delhi

Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate the Grand International Exposition of Sacred Piprahwa Relics, titled “The Light & the Lotus: Relics of the Awakened One”, on 3 January 2026 at the Rai Pithora Cultural Complex. The exposition marks a historic moment by bringing together, for the first time, the Piprahwa relics recently repatriated after more than a century with authenticated relics and archaeological materials preserved at the National Museum and the Indian Museum.

Discovered in 1898, the Piprahwa relics occupy a pivotal place in the study of early Buddhism and are among the earliest and most significant relic deposits directly associated with Bhagwan Buddha. Archaeological evidence links the Piprahwa site to ancient Kapilavastu, widely identified as the region where Bhagwan Buddha spent his early life before renunciation.

The exposition underscores India’s enduring civilizational connection with Buddhist teachings and reflects the government’s commitment to preserving spiritual and cultural heritage. The successful repatriation of the relics highlights sustained governmental efforts, institutional collaboration, and innovative public–private partnerships.

Curated thematically, the exhibition features a reconstructed interpretive model inspired by the Sanchi Stupa at its core, alongside sections such as Piprahwa Revisited, Life of Buddha, Aesthetic Language of Buddhist Teachings, Global Spread of Buddhist Art, and Repatriation of Cultural Artefacts. Enhanced by immersive audio-visual elements—films, digital reconstructions, and multimedia presentations—the exposition offers the public an accessible and enriching understanding of Bhagwan Buddha’s life, the journey of the Piprahwa relics, and their global cultural significance.

Exercise Desert Cyclone II: India–UAE Joint Military Drill

The second edition of the joint military exercise Desert Cyclone II between the Indian Army and the UAE Land Forces concluded successfully on 30 December 2025 at Al-Hamra Training City, Abu Dhabi, following nearly two weeks of intensive bilateral training held from 18–30 December 2025.

The exercise involved 45 personnel from the Indian Army’s Mechanised Infantry Regiment and troops from the 53 Mechanised Infantry Battalion of the UAE Land Forces. It was aimed at enhancing interoperability, strengthening defence cooperation, and reinforcing the shared commitment of both nations to regional peace, security, and stability.

Training focused on urban warfare and sub-conventional operations under a United Nations mandate, preparing both forces for peacekeeping, counter-terrorism, and stability operations. The programme combined classroom instruction with field exercises, covering urban combat basics, building marking and clearance, IED awareness, casualty evacuation, first aid, and detailed mission planning.

Practical drills included room intervention, building clearance techniques, heliborne operations, and air assault missions, culminating in integrated offensive and defensive urban operations. These activities demonstrated high levels of coordination, mutual trust, and combat readiness.

Union Cabinet Approves Nashik–Solapur 6-Lane Corridor and NH-326 Upgradation in Odisha

On 31 December 2025, the Union Cabinet approved two major highway infrastructure projects aimed at boosting connectivity and economic growth.

Six-Lane Nashik–Solapur–Akkalkot Greenfield Corridor (Maharashtra)

  • Length: 374 km
  • Capital Cost: ₹19,142 crore
  • Will connect key cities like Nashik, Ahilyanagar, Solapur, and Kurnool.
  • Part of PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan.
  • Design speed: 100 km/h | Average speed: 60 km/h
  • Expected to reduce travel time to around 17 hours and enable smooth passenger & freight movement.
  • Will generate around 251.06 lakh man-days (direct) and 313.83 lakh man-days (indirect) employment.

Widening & strengthening of NH-326 in Odisha (2-lane with paved shoulders)

  • Length: ~206 km
  • Capital Cost: ₹1,526.21 crore
  • Benefits Gajapati, Rayagada, Koraput districts.
  • Will improve regional connectivity with Raipur–Visakhapatnam corridor, Gopalpur Port, and industrial zones.
  • Expected to boost trade, tourism, education access, and socio-economic development in southern Odisha.

India Successfully Conducts Salvo Launch of Two ‘Pralay’ Missiles off Odisha Coast

India successfully conducted a salvo launch of two ‘Pralay’ surface-to-surface missiles off the Odisha coast on 31 December 2025. The test, conducted by DRDO, was a part of user evaluation trials and was witnessed by officers from the Indian Air Force, Indian Army, and industry representatives, including development and production partners.

‘Pralay’ is an indigenously developed short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) with a strike range of 150–500 km. It uses solid propellant, supports multiple types of warheads, and features advanced guidance and navigation systems for high accuracy. Its quasi-ballistic capability enhances survivability against interception, making it a significant boost to India’s tactical strike capabilities.

Top 2025 Current Affairs: Month-Wise Summary for Competitive Exams

A compilation of the Top most significant national and international current affairs of the year 2025 in short, curated for competitive exams (UPSC, SSC, Banking, and State PSCs). This summary is organized month-wise, focusing on facts and major milestones from gknow.in and other reliable educational sources.

January 2025

  • 13 Jan–26 Feb 2025 – 2025 Prayag Maha Kumbh Mela: The world’s largest religious gathering was held at Triveni Sangam, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. It attracted over 660 million devotees. The theme was “Sarvashrestha Kumbh,” emphasizing sustainability and digital connectivity.
  • 25 January 2025 – Padma Awards 2025 Announced: A total of 140 Padma Awards were conferred, including 7 Padma Vibhushan. Notable awardees included veterans from social service and indigenous arts.
  • 26 January 2025 – 76th Republic Day: India celebrated its Republic Day with a focus on “Viksit Bharat” and “Nari Shakti.” The parade showcased indigenous defense platforms like the LCH Prachand and the Nag Mk 2 missile.

February 2025

  • 1 February 2025 – Union Budget 2025-26: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman presented the budget with the theme “Sabka Vikas.” Key highlights included the abolition of the Angel Tax and a new income tax regime where no tax is levied for annual incomes up to ₹12 lakh.
  • 19 February 2025 – New Chief Election Commissioner: Shri Gyanesh Kumar took charge as the 26th Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) of India, succeeding Rajiv Kumar.
  • 24 February 2025 – NASA-SpaceX Return Mission: Astronauts Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore successfully returned to Earth aboard a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft after being stationed at the ISS since mid-2024.

March 2025

  • 9 March 2025 – ICC Champions Trophy 2025: India clinched the title by defeating New Zealand in the final held in Dubai (co-hosted by Pakistan and UAE). This was India’s 3rd Champions Trophy title.
  • 15 March 2025 – India’s First PPP Green Waste Plant: Set up in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, this plant became the first Public-Private Partnership model to process 100% of the city’s green waste into sawdust and organic fuel.

April 2025

  • 14 April 2025 – Operation Sindoor: Following a terror attack in Pahalgam, the Indian Armed Forces launched “Operation Sindoor,” conducting precision strikes on nine terrorist launchpads across the border.
  • 20 April 2025 – World’s Highest Railway Bridge Commissioned: The Chenab Rail Bridge in Jammu & Kashmir (359m above river level) was fully integrated into the national grid, completing the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL).

May 2025

  • 14 May 2025 – 52nd Chief Justice of India: Justice B.R. Gavai was sworn in as the 52nd CJI, succeeding Justice Sanjiv Khanna. He is slated to serve until his retirement at 65.
  • 22 May 2025 – India Becomes 4th Largest Economy: India officially overtook Japan to become the world’s 4th largest economy, with a GDP reaching $4.18 trillion.

June 2025

  • 15 June 2025 – ICC Hall of Fame Induction: Former Indian captain M.S. Dhoni was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame for his unparalleled contribution to the game and leadership.
  • 21 June 2025 – International Day of Yoga: The 11th edition was celebrated globally with the theme “Yoga for Global Harmony and Peace.”

July 2025

  • 10 July 2025 – ISRO’s SpaDeX Mission: ISRO successfully conducted the Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX), involving two satellites (Chaser and Target). This technology is a critical precursor to India’s own Space Station (Bharatiya Antariksha Station).
  • 28 July 2025 – 15th Vice President of India: Election results were announced for the 15th Vice President of India, marking a smooth constitutional transition.

August 2025

  • 24 August 2025 – Unified Pension Scheme (UPS): The Union Cabinet approved enhancements to the UPS for central government employees, ensuring a 50% assured pension for those with at least 25 years of service.
  • 25 August 2025 – Badminton Asia U-15 Gold: India’s Tanvi Patri clinched the girls’ singles title at the Asia U-17 & U-15 Junior Championships in Chengdu, China.

September 2025

  • 1 September 2025 – National Geospatial Mission: The government launched Phase II of the mission to build a high-resolution 3D digital twin of major Indian cities to improve urban planning and disaster management.
  • 15 September 2025 – Mines Secretary Appointment: Shri Piyush Goyal (IAS) assumed charge as the Mines Secretary of India, focusing on critical mineral security.
  • Vice President of India, C.P. Radhakrishnan, was appointed and sworn into office on September 12, 2025, following his election on September 9, 2025, succeeding Jagdeep Dhankhar. 

October 2025

  • 5 October 2025 – Waqf (Amendment) Act 2025: Parliament passed the landmark bill to streamline the management of Waqf properties, enhancing transparency through mandatory digital registration.
  • 31 October 2025 – UNESCO Creative City: Gwalior was recognized as a UNESCO “Creative City of Music,” further boosting India’s cultural standing in the Creative Cities Network (UCCN).

November 2025

  • 2 November 2025 – India Wins Women’s Cricket World Cup: In a historic feat, the Indian Women’s team secured its first-ever ODI World Cup title by defeating South Africa in the final. Deepti Sharma was named Player of the Series.
  • 15 November 2025 – Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas: Celebrated on the birth anniversary of Birsa Munda; the government released a Santhali translation of the Constitution in the Ol Chiki script.

December 2025

  • 10 December 2025 – Deepavali Inscribed by UNESCO: Deepavali was officially inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, recognizing its global cultural significance.
  • 28 December 2025 – President’s Submarine Sortie: President Droupadi Murmu undertook a rare operational sortie on the indigenous Kalvari-class submarine INS Vaghsheer on the Western Seaboard.
  • 30 December 2025 – FIDE World Rapid Chess: India’s Arjun Erigaisi and Koneru Humpy won bronze medals at the World Rapid Chess Championships held in Doha, Qatar.

UPI Recognized as World’s Largest Real-Time Payment System by IMF

The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has been recognized by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as the world’s largest retail fast-payment (real-time) system by transaction volume, according to the IMF report “Growing Retail Digital Payments (The Value of Interoperability)” released in June 2025. Additionally, as per the ACI Worldwide report “Prime Time for Real-Time” 2024, UPI accounts for around 49% of global real-time payment transactions, underscoring India’s leadership in digital payments.

In terms of global comparison, India recorded 129.3 billion transactions, far ahead of other countries such as Brazil (14%), Thailand (8%), China (6%), and South Korea (3%), out of a total 266.2 billion global real-time transactions.

To accelerate adoption, especially among small and micro merchants, the Government of India, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), and National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) have implemented targeted initiatives. These include incentives for low-value BHIM-UPI transactions and the Payments Infrastructure Development Fund (PIDF), which supports deployment of POS terminals and QR codes in tier-3 to tier-6 areas. As of 31 October 2025, about 5.45 crore digital touchpoints were deployed through PIDF, and 56.86 crore QR codes were issued to nearly 6.5 crore merchants by FY 2024–25.

UPI and RuPay are also being expanded across public services, transport, and e-commerce, further deepening digital transactions nationwide. This information was shared by Minister of State for Finance, Shri Pankaj Chaudhary, in a written reply in the Lok Sabha on 8 Dec 2025.

DRDO Successfully Tests Pinaka Long Range Guided Rocket with 120 km Range

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully carried out the maiden flight test of the Pinaka Long Range Guided Rocket at the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, on 29 December 2025. The rocket was tested to its maximum range of 120 km, performing all planned in-flight manoeuvres and striking the target with high accuracy.

The rocket system was designed by the Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) in collaboration with the High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL), and supported by the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) and the Research Centre Imarat (RCI). It was launched from an in-service Pinaka launcher, demonstrating its versatility and compatibility to fire different range variants from the same platform.

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh congratulated DRDO on the successful test, calling it a major technological boost for the Armed Forces and a potential game-changer in India’s defence capabilities.

Arjun Erigaisi & Koneru Humpy Win Bronze at 2025 FIDE World Rapid Chess Championships

At the 2025 FIDE World Rapid & Women’s World Rapid Chess Championships held in Doha, Qatar, on 28 December 2025, India secured two bronze medals. Arjun Erigaisi won bronze in the men’s section, finishing third with 9.5 points, while Koneru Humpy secured bronze in the women’s section, adding to her previous rapid chess gold titles from 2019 and 2024.

Magnus Carlsen won the men’s title with 10.5 points, claiming his sixth World Rapid Chess Championship, and Alexandra Goryachkina won the women’s title.

President Droupadi Murmu Undertakes Submarine Sortie on INS Vaghsheer

On 28 December 2025, President Droupadi Murmu, the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, undertook a rare dived operational sortie onboard INS Vaghsheer, an indigenous Kalvari-class submarine, on the Western Seaboard. She embarked the submarine from Karwar Naval Harbour, Karnataka, accompanied by Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Dinesh K. Tripathi, and spent over two hours at sea interacting with the crew and observing live operational demonstrations.

President Murmu became only the second President of India to undertake a submarine sortie, after Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. Describing the experience as special and memorable, she praised the successful firings, demanding operations, and the crew’s exceptional preparedness and dedication, reflecting the submarine’s motto “Veerta Varchasva Vijaya.”

She expressed confidence that the Indian Navy’s submarine arm is fully combat-ready to meet any threat. The sortie follows her earlier operational engagement with the Navy in November 2024 aboard INS Vikrant, highlighting her continued engagement with the Armed Forces.

Vaibhav Suryavanshi Awarded Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar 2025

On 26 December 2025, President Droupadi Murmu conferred the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar on 14-year-old cricket sensation Vaibhav Suryavanshi for his exceptional achievements in domestic and U-19 cricket. The ceremony recognised outstanding children across fields such as sports, bravery, social service, environment, art & culture, and science & technology.

Vaibhav has quickly risen as one of India’s most exciting young talents, breaking multiple records. He became the youngest centurion in List A cricket, smashing 190 off 84 balls in the Vijay Hazare Trophy and surpassing AB de Villiers’ record for fastest 150. He also became the youngest batter to score a century in the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, and holds the highest U-19 Asia Cup score by an Indian (171).

Internationally, he scored a century against Australia U-19 and hit 144 off 42 balls for India A in the Rising Stars Asia Cup, with a 32-ball hundred making him the youngest male cricketer to score a century at senior representative level.

In the IPL, he debuted for Rajasthan Royals at 14 years and 23 days, becoming the youngest player in tournament history. Nine days later, he became the youngest IPL centurion, scoring a stunning 35-ball hundred, the fastest by an Indian in IPL history.

Vaibhav’s achievements have earned him national recognition, marking him as one of India’s brightest future prospects in cricket.

Israel becomes first country to recognise Somaliland as independent state

Israel has officially become the first country to recognise Somaliland as an independent state, marking a historic diplomatic shift. The move has drawn sharp reactions from Somalia and the African Union, who warn it could destabilise the Horn of Africa.

Key Points

  • Historic Recognition: On 26 December 2025, Israel formally recognised Somaliland, a breakaway region that declared independence from Somalia in 1991.
  • First UN Member State: Israel is the first United Nations member to extend such recognition, though Taiwan had earlier recognised Somaliland in 2020.
  • Strategic Importance: Somaliland lies along the Red Sea corridor, a geopolitically vital region for trade and security.
  • Diplomatic Ties: Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu and Somaliland President Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi signed a declaration of mutual recognition, with plans for cooperation in agriculture, health, and technology.
  • Global Reactions: Somalia condemned the move as a violation of its sovereignty, while Turkey, Egypt, and the African Union also criticised Israel’s decision.

Context

Somaliland has operated with its own government, military, and currency since 1991 but lacked international recognition. Israel’s step could encourage other nations to reconsider their stance, though it risks heightening tensions in East Africa.

Veer Baal Diwas: Honouring the Martyrdom of Sahibzadas (26 December)

Veer Baal Diwas is observed every year on 26 December to honour the martyrdom of Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s younger sons, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh Ji and Sahibzada Fateh Singh Ji, who refused to abandon their faith and chose sacrifice over submission at a very tender age. The day commemorates their unparalleled courage, devotion, and commitment to righteousness.

The younger Sahibzadas—Zorawar Singh (9) and Fateh Singh (7)—were captured by Mughal forces and pressured to renounce Sikhism. They stood firm and were bricked alive at Sirhind Fort, a defining moment of bravery in Sikh history. Veer Baal Diwas serves as a tribute to their sacrifice and inspires the nation with values of truth, resilience, and moral strength.

Observed nationwide, the day includes prayers, educational programmes, exhibitions, and cultural events, keeping their legacy alive among youth. The day also sees discussions around renaming it as Sahibzade Shahadat Diwas, emphasizing martyrdom. Veer Baal Diwas stands as a reminder that even children can become eternal symbols of courage and faith.

Hardik Singh Nominated for Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna; National Sports Awards 2025

Two-time Olympic medallist and Indian men’s hockey team vice-captain Hardik Singh has been nominated for the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna, India’s highest sporting honour. The nominations for the National Sports Awards 2025 were finalised on 24 December 2025 by a selection panel comprising IOA vice-president Gagan Narang, former hockey player MM Somaya, and former badminton player Aparna Popat.

Hardik Singh was an integral member of the Indian team that won the bronze medal at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics and followed it up with another Olympic medal at Paris 2024, making him a two-time Olympic medallist.

The panel also recommended 24 athletes for the Arjuna Award, including yogasana athlete Aarti Pal. Other notable nominees include rifle shooter Mehuli Ghosh, gymnast Pranati Nayak, and the women’s badminton pair of Treesa Jolly and Gayatri Gopichand. The awards are conferred annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports and presented by the President of India.

Good Governance Day 2025: Honouring Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Good Governance Day is observed every year on 25 December to commemorate the birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, one of India’s most respected statesmen, poets, and visionary leaders. Declared by the Government of India in 2014, the day underscores the principles of accountability, transparency, efficiency, and citizen-centric governance, values that defined Vajpayee’s political and administrative philosophy.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee, born on 25 December 1924, served as Prime Minister of India three times and played a pivotal role in shaping modern India through inclusive governance, democratic values, and institutional strengthening. His leadership witnessed landmark initiatives such as the Pokhran-II nuclear tests (1998), the Golden Quadrilateral highway project, and major economic and telecom reforms, reflecting his commitment to national security and development.

President Droupadi Murmu Confers Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar 2025

President Droupadi Murmu conferred the Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar 2025 on 23 December 2025 at Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi, recognising exceptional contributions in the fields of science, technology, and innovation. The awards, in their second edition, are India’s highest scientific honour and were presented under four categories: Vigyan Ratna, Vigyan Shree, Vigyan Yuva–Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, and Vigyan Team.

The Vigyan Ratna Award was conferred posthumously on Padma Vibhushan Prof. Jayant Vishnu Narlikar for his pioneering work in astrophysics and cosmology, including the development of the Hoyle–Narlikar theory. The Vigyan Shree Award was presented to eight distinguished scientists, while fourteen young researchers received the Vigyan Yuva–Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award. The Vigyan Team Award was conferred on the CSIR Aroma Mission, recognising its impactful science-led innovation.

National Farmers Day (Kisan Diwas): 23 December

National Farmers Day, also known as Kisan Diwas, is observed annually on 23 December in India to recognise the vital contribution of farmers to the country’s economy, food security, and rural development. The day marks the birth anniversary of Chaudhary Charan Singh, India’s fifth Prime Minister, who is remembered for his strong advocacy of farmers’ rights and pro-rural policies.

The observance highlights farmers as the backbone of the nation and reflects on Charan Singh’s legacy, including his opposition to exploitative land policies and efforts toward equitable land reforms, better agricultural pricing, and improved rural credit systems.

ISRO Successfully Launches AST SpaceMobile BlueBird Block-2 Satellite Using LVM3

India successfully carried out another significant space mission as ISRO, through its commercial arm NewSpace India Limited, launched the United States’ AST SpaceMobile BlueBird Block-2 communication satellite on 24 December 2025 at 8:55 AM from Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.

The satellite was placed into Low Earth Orbit by ISRO’s heavy-lift launch vehicle LVM3, marking its sixth operational flight and reinforcing ISRO’s reliable launch capabilities. The mission was particularly notable as BlueBird Block-2 is the largest commercial communication satellite deployed in Low Earth Orbit and also the heaviest payload launched by LVM3 from Indian soil.

Owned by AST SpaceMobile (USA), BlueBird Block-2 is part of a global LEO constellation designed to enable direct-to-mobile connectivity, supporting 4G and 5G calls, messaging, video, and data services worldwide.

India–Bangladesh Relations Face Strain Amid Diplomatic Closures and Political Unrest

India–Bangladesh relations have come under significant strain in late 2025 due to diplomatic, political, and security challenges. In December 2025, Bangladesh suspended consular and visa services in New Delhi, while India closed its visa centres in Rajshahi and Khulna, citing security concerns. These steps mark the sharpest diplomatic downturn in recent years, disrupting people-to-people contact.

Political instability in Bangladesh following the ouster of Sheikh Hasina in 2024 has contributed to the tensions. The killing of student leader Sharif Osman Hadi triggered widespread protests, many of which featured anti-India slogans, accusing New Delhi of interference in Bangladesh’s internal affairs.

Economically, bilateral trade stood at USD 13.46 billion in 2024–25, but the trade imbalance in India’s favour has been a recurring concern for Dhaka. Strategically, uncertainty now surrounds connectivity projects linked to India’s Act East policy, including transport and energy initiatives. India is also worried about border security, illegal migration, and militancy along the 864-km largely unfenced border.

Agniveers Get 50% Quota in BSF Constable Recruitment

The Union Home Ministry has increased the quota for ex-Agniveers in constable recruitment of the Border Security Force (BSF) from 10% to 50%, according to a gazette notification dated 21 December 2025.

The notification provides age-limit relaxation for ex-Agniveers:

  • Up to 5 years for the first batch of ex-Agniveers
  • Up to 3 years for subsequent batches

Additionally, ex-Agniveers will be exempted from the Physical Standard Test (PST) and Physical Efficiency Test (PET), easing their recruitment process.

These changes have been made by amending the Border Security Force, General Duty Cadre (Non-Gazetted) Recruitment Rules, 2015. As per the revised rules, 50% of vacancies in every recruitment year will be reserved for ex-Agniveers, 10% for ex-servicemen, and up to 3% for Combatised Constable (Tradesmen) through absorption of annual vacancies.

The move aims to provide greater employment opportunities to Agnipath scheme recruits and strengthen manpower in the BSF.

National Mathematics Day 2025: Celebrating the Legacy of Srinivasa Ramanujan

National Mathematics Day is observed every year on 22 December to commemorate the birth anniversary of Srinivasa Ramanujan, one of India’s greatest and most influential mathematicians. The day highlights the importance of mathematics in scientific advancement, innovation, and everyday life.

The observance was instituted by the Government of India in December 2011, officially designating 22 December as National Mathematics Day in recognition of Ramanujan’s extraordinary contributions to number theory, mathematical analysis, and infinite series. To further promote mathematical learning and research, 2012 was celebrated nationwide as the National Mathematics Year.

India Announces Squad for ICC T20 World Cup 2026

The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) has announced a 15-member Indian squad for the upcoming ICC T20 World Cup, scheduled to be held from 7 February to 8 March 2026.

Suryakumar Yadav has been named captain of the Indian team. Shubman Gill has been removed from the vice-captaincy and dropped from the squad due to fitness and form concerns. Axar Patel returns as vice-captain, strengthening the leadership group.

The squad sees the return of Ishan Kishan as a second wicketkeeper-batter. Sanju Samson and Abhishek Sharma are set to open the innings, while Rinku Singh makes a comeback, adding depth to the middle order alongside Tilak Varma, Hardik Pandya, Shivam Dube, Washington Sundar, and Axar Patel.

In bowling, Jasprit Bumrah will lead the pace attack, supported by Arshdeep Singh and Harshit Rana. The spin department features Kuldeep Yadav and Varun Chakravarthy.

Winter Session of Parliament 2025 Concludes with Passage of Landmark Bills

Both Houses of Parliament were adjourned sine die on 19 December 2025, marking the conclusion of the 19-day Winter Session, which began on 1 December 2025.

In his valedictory address, Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla said the Lower House held 15 sittings and recorded 111% productivity, thanking members for their cooperation. Rajya Sabha Chairman C.P. Radhakrishnan noted that the Upper House functioned for about 92 hours with 121% productivity, highlighting high-quality debates on issues of democratic and historical importance. Special discussions were held on the 150th anniversary of the national song Vande Mataram and electoral reforms, with wide participation by members.

Key legislations passed included the Viksit Bharat–G RAM G Bill 2025, the SHANTI Bill, and major insurance and health-related bills. The session also witnessed the first-ever dedicated discussion on electoral reforms in Parliament.

SHANTI Bill 2025: Major Reform in India’s Civil Nuclear Energy Sector

The Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India Bill, 2025 (SHANTI Bill) represents a major reform in India’s civil nuclear sector, positioning nuclear power as a key component of the country’s clean energy transition. Passed by both Houses of Parliament in December 2025, the bill replaces outdated laws such as the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010.

Despite India’s nuclear power capacity doubling since 2014, it still forms a small share of the overall energy mix. The SHANTI Bill aims to scale up nuclear energy to meet climate commitments and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

A landmark feature of the bill is the opening of the nuclear sector to private participation, allowing private companies and joint ventures to construct, own, operate, and decommission nuclear power plants. It grants statutory authority to the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) to strengthen safety oversight and licensing.

The bill also consolidates safety, liability, and compensation provisions into a single legal framework, reforms liability rules to attract investment while ensuring public safety, and encourages research and innovation by easing licensing for certain R&D activities.

Second WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine 2025 Held in New Delhi

The Second WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine was held in New Delhi from 17 to 19 December 2025, co-hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and India’s Ministry of Ayush. The summit focused on the evidence-based integration of traditional medicine into global health systems under the theme “Restoring balance: The science and practice of health and well-being.”

Held at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, the event was supported by the WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre (GTMC), Jamnagar. Addressing the summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi stressed the need to mainstream traditional medicine through research, standardisation, and global collaboration. He launched the My Ayush Integrated Services Portal (MAISP), the Ayush Mark for quality assurance, and released WHO’s technical report on Yoga training.

PM Narendra Modi Conferred Order of Oman (First Class)

Prime Minister Narendra Modi was conferred the Order of Oman (First Class) on 18 December 2025 by Sultan Haitham bin Tarik in recognition of his leadership and efforts to strengthen India–Oman relations.

The conferment coincided with the 70th anniversary of diplomatic relations between India and Oman and took place during PM Modi’s official visit to Muscat, highlighting the depth of their strategic partnership.

Instituted in 1970 by the late Sultan Qaboos bin Said, the Order of Oman is one of the Sultanate’s highest civilian honours, awarded to select global leaders for outstanding contributions to public life and bilateral relations.

Indian Army Completes Induction of AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters

The Indian Army received the final batch of three AH-64E Apache attack helicopters from Boeing on December 16–17, 2025, completing its contracted fleet of six helicopters. The deal, signed with the United States in February 2020 for about $600 million, marks a major milestone for the Army Aviation Corps.

The helicopters arrived at Hindon Air Force Station, Ghaziabad, and will be inducted into the 451 Army Aviation Squadron at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, after assembly and technical checks. This is the first time the Indian Army has its own Apache fleet (the IAF already operates Apaches).

The AH-64E Apache is equipped with advanced sensors, night-fighting capability, Hellfire missiles, rockets, and a 30mm chain gun, making it ideal for precision strikes, reconnaissance, desert warfare, and border operations. The induction significantly enhances India’s strike capability and combat readiness, especially along the western frontiers, and reflects the strengthening India–US defence partnership.

India Launches First Wildlife-Safe Highway on NH-45

India launched its first wildlife-safe highway on National Highway-45 (Bhopal–Jabalpur stretch) in Madhya Pradesh in December 2025, marking a major step toward eco-sensitive infrastructure development. The highway passes through the Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve and near the Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary, making wildlife protection a critical concern. A 2 km ghat section of the 11.9 km stretch has been specially redesigned to reduce animal–vehicle collisions.

Key safety features include 5 mm thick thermoplastic red road markings that visually and physically slow vehicles, 25 animal underpasses supported by fencing to guide wildlife toward safe crossings, and speed detection and monitoring systems to enforce limits. The project balances road expansion with conservation needs through an eco-friendly design.

The initiative gained urgency after recent wildlife fatalities on highways, including a cheetah cub death near Kuno National Park. By adopting global best practices, this project sets a first-of-its-kind model in India for highways passing through forest corridors.

Overall, the NH-45 wildlife-safe highway demonstrates how infrastructure growth and biodiversity conservation can coexist, offering a scalable model for future projects across India.

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