Environment

 

Environment Current Affairs, Important for Competitive Exams.

Gujarat Records 891 Asiatic Lions in 2025 Census – A Conservation Milestone

Gujarat has completed its 16th lion population census, revealing 891 Asiatic lions as of May 2025. Chief Minister Bhupendra Patel announced the results, praising Project Lion and the Forest Department’s dedication. The census covered 35,000 sq km across 58 talukas in 11 districts over four days (May 10–13), involving 3,254 personnel.

The survey, conducted in two phases, shows a growing lion population and spread beyond Gir Forest, indicating success in habitat connectivity. Preliminary data shows 196 adult males, with the rest including females, cubs, and sub-adults.

India-EU Launch Joint Research Projects on Marine Pollution and Green Hydrogen

India and the European Union (EU) have jointly launched two major research initiatives in May 2025 under the India-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) to address marine pollution and develop green hydrogen from waste. These projects are supported by a combined investment of ₹391 crore (approximately €41 million).

Background:

The TTC was established in 2022 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen to boost strategic collaboration in trade and technology.

First Initiative – Marine Pollution:

  • Focus: Tackling marine plastic litter, microplastics, heavy metals, and organic pollutants.
  • Funded by: EU and India’s Ministry of Earth Sciences.
  • Goals:
    • Develop tools for monitoring and reducing marine pollution.
    • Support India’s National Marine Litter Policy and the EU’s Zero Pollution Action Plan.
    • Contribute to the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development.

Second Initiative – Green Hydrogen from Waste:

  • Focus: Producing green hydrogen from biogenic waste (agricultural, municipal, and industrial).
  • Funded by: EU and India’s Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
  • Aligns with: EU Hydrogen Strategy and India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission.
  • Aim: Develop cost-effective and sustainable hydrogen production technologies.

Monsoon Rains to Arrive Early in India – May 27, 2025

India’s southern coast is expected to receive monsoon rains on May 27, 2025, which is five days earlier than usual, according to the India Meteorological Department (IMD). This marks the earliest monsoon arrival in at least five years, offering a positive outlook for agriculture and food security.

The monsoon contributes nearly 70% of India’s annual rainfall, vital for the $4 trillion economy and especially crucial for the half of India’s farmland that lacks irrigation. These rains are essential for cultivating rice, corn, soybeans, cotton, and sugarcane.

The early onset is particularly reassuring amid current military tensions between India and Pakistan, reducing fears of disruptions to food supply.

Typically, monsoon rains reach Kerala around June 1, spreading across the country by mid-July. This year, Kerala may see rain by May 27, with a ±4-day margin of error, IMD said.

In 2024, the monsoon arrived on May 30, and rainfall was the highest since 2020, helping India recover from a drought in 2023.

The IMD has forecast above-average monsoon rains for 2025, marking the second consecutive year of good rainfall. IMD classifies average rainfall as 96% to 104% of the 50-year average of 87 cm during the June–September season.

This early monsoon will likely benefit Indian farmers, especially in their role as the world’s largest rice exporters, by allowing them to begin planting earlier.

World Earth Day 2025

World Earth Day is celebrated every year on April 22, encouraging global awareness and action to protect the environment. It highlights urgent issues like climate change, deforestation, pollution, and biodiversity loss, urging individuals and communities to take meaningful steps—like planting trees, saving water, reducing plastic, and supporting sustainable policies.

The theme for Earth Day 2025 is “OUR POWER, OUR PLANET,” emphasizing the need to unite globally around renewable energy and work toward tripling clean electricity by 2030.

IMD Predicts Above Normal Monsoon for 2025

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecast that the Southwest Monsoon (June–September) 2025 will bring above normal rainfall across most parts of India. However, below normal rainfall is expected in some areas of the North-East, North-West, and South Peninsular India.

IMD Director General Dr. Mrutyunjay Mohapatra stated that El Niño-neutral conditions are likely to prevail during the season. He also noted that northern hemisphere and Eurasian snow cover from January to March 2025 was below normal. Additionally, Dr. M Ravichandran, Secretary of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, warned that heatwave conditions in May and June 2025 are expected to occur twice as frequently as last year.

India Achieves Record 25 GW Renewable Energy Addition

India’s renewable energy sector recorded its highest-ever capacity addition of 25 gigawatts (GW) in the 2024-2025 financial year, marking a 35% increase from the 18.57 GW installed in 2023-24. Solar energy led the growth, rising from 15 GW to nearly 21 GW, a 38% increase.

New and Renewable Energy Minister Pralhad Joshi announced initiatives to decarbonize transportation and households, including mandating bioCNG blending with compressed and piped natural gas. Solar PV cell manufacturing capacity tripled to 9 GW, and the PM KUSUM Scheme showed significant progress. The PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana benefited 1.1 lakh households and generated 7 lakh jobs.

International Day of Forests 2025: Theme – Forests and Food

Observed annually on March 21, the International Day of Forests emphasizes the critical role forests play in sustaining ecosystems. This year’s theme, “Forests and Food,” highlights the connection between forests, food security, biodiversity, and climate resilience.

🌱 Forest Protection Initiatives in India

India has implemented various programs to safeguard forests while supporting livelihoods and biodiversity. Key initiatives include:

1️⃣ National Agroforestry Policy (2014)

  • Promotes tree planting alongside crops for enhanced agricultural productivity.
  • Supports soil fertility and offers additional income for farmers.

2️⃣ Green India Mission (GIM)

  • Part of the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).
  • Aims to expand and improve 10 million hectares of forest and non-forest land.
  • Focuses on biodiversity conservation, carbon storage, and ecosystem restoration.

3️⃣ Forest Fire Prevention & Management Scheme (FFPM)

  • Provides state support to prevent and manage forest fires.
  • Utilizes remote sensing, GPS, and GIS technologies for real-time fire detection.

4️⃣ Van Dhan Yojana (2018)

  • Enhances tribal livelihoods through sustainable forest produce collection and value addition.
  • Establishes Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (VDVKs) for skill training, processing, and marketing of Minor Forest Produce (MFPs).

Madhav National Park in Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh, declared as new tiger reserve

Madhav National Park in Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh, has been declared a new tiger reserve. Chief Minister Dr. Mohan Yadav and Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia released a tigress to mark the announcement. A 13 km-long protective wall has also been inaugurated.

The reserve is expected to boost tiger population in the Chambal region and attract more tourists, aiding development. With its proximity to Kuno National Park, visitors can now see both tigers and leopards in one trip. The current tiger count in the park is six, with one more to be added soon.

India Conducts First-Ever Riverine Dolphin Estimation: 6,327 Dolphins Recorded

In a landmark move for wildlife conservation, the Prime Minister released the first-ever riverine dolphin estimation report on March 3, 2025, during the 7th meeting of the National Board for Wildlife held at Sasan Gir, Junagadh district.

Key Highlights of the Riverine Dolphin Estimation 2025

✅ Total Dolphins Counted: 6,327
✅ Survey Coverage: 28 rivers across 8 states
✅ Survey Effort: 3,150 man-days covering 8,500+ km
✅ Top States with Highest Dolphin Populations:

  • Uttar Pradesh (highest)
  • Bihar
  • West Bengal
  • Assam

Avalanche in Uttarakhand: 32 BRO Workers Rescued, 25 Still Trapped

An avalanche struck near Mana village in Uttarakhand’s Chamoli district, trapping 57 Border Roads Organisation (BRO) workers. As of February 28, 2025, 32 workers have been safely rescued, while 25 remain trapped, with ongoing rescue operations.

Rescue Efforts: Uttarakhand Disaster Management Department is conducting relief operations on a war footing.

Emergency Helpline Numbers: 8218867005, 9058441404, 0135 2664315, Toll-Free: 1070

The avalanche occurred six kilometers from Badrinath Dham, affecting a GREF camp of BRO. Search and rescue operations continue to save the remaining trapped workers.

Madhya Pradesh: Home to the Highest Number of Vultures

Madhya Pradesh has now become the state with the highest number of vultures in India. In a recent census conducted by the Forest Department, the vulture population reached 12,981. The census covered 16 circles, 64 divisions, and 9 protected areas in the state. Since the census began in 2016, the vulture population has steadily increased, from 8,397 in 2019 to 10,845 in 2024.

There are 7 species of vultures in Madhya Pradesh, with 4 being local and 3 migratory. The winter season is ideal for conducting the census as both local and migratory vultures can be easily counted.

Vultures are large birds of prey that primarily feed on carrion (dead animals). They play a crucial role in the ecosystem by cleaning up animal remains, which helps prevent the spread of diseases. Vultures have sharp beaks, strong talons, and excellent eyesight to locate food from great distances.

January 2025 was the warmest January on record

January 2025 was the warmest January on record, despite the presence of La Niña, a climate pattern that typically brings cooler global temperatures. According to the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), the global average temperature for January 2025 was 13.23°C, which is 0.09°C warmer than the previous record set in January 2024 and 0.79°C above the 1991-2020 average.

This record-breaking warmth comes on the heels of 2024 being the hottest year on record, with global average temperatures rising 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels for the first time. Scientists have noted that global temperatures have stayed above the 1.5-degree mark for 18 of the last 19 months.

Despite La Niña’s cooling effect, ocean temperatures in the eastern Pacific remained above normal, suggesting that the shift toward La Niña may be slowing or stalling. The Arctic also experienced unusually high temperatures, with parts of the Canadian Arctic seeing temperatures 30°C (54°F) warmer than average.

International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) officially comes into force

The Framework Agreement on the establishment of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) has officially come into force, as announced by the Environment Ministry. The IBCA and its Secretariat have become a treaty-based, inter-governmental international organization and legal entity as of January 23.

Five countries – Nicaragua, Eswatini, India, Somalia, and Liberia – have deposited their instruments of ratification under the Framework Agreement. A total of 27 countries, including India, have consented to join the IBCA. Several international and national organizations working in wildlife conservation have partnered with the IBCA.

The IBCA was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on April 9, 2023, during the ‘Commemorating 50 years of Project Tiger’ event. The Union Cabinet approved the establishment of the IBCA last year, with its headquarters in India.

The IBCA aims to conserve seven big cats: Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma.

India Adds Four New Ramsar Sites, Taking Tally to 89

The Centre has announced the addition of four new Ramsar sites in India, taking the total to 89. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change shared this news ahead of World Wetlands Day, stating that the new sites include Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary and Therthangal Bird Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, Khecheopalri Wetland in Sikkim, and Udhwa Lake in Jharkhand.

Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav highlighted that India continues to have the highest number of Ramsar sites in Asia and ranks third in the world. He congratulated Tamil Nadu for becoming the state with the most Ramsar sites, now totaling 20. This addition also marks a significant achievement for Sikkim and Jharkhand, which have added their first Ramsar sites.

Amrit Udyan Open for Public from February 2 to March 30

Amrit Udyan at Rashtrapati Bhavan will be open to the public from February 2 to March 30, six days a week (10 a.m. to 6 p.m.), with Mondays reserved for maintenance. The garden will also be closed on February 5, February 20-21, and March 14 for specific events. Visitors can enter through Gate No. 35, with a shuttle service from Central Secretariat Metro Station available every 30 minutes.

Special days are reserved for:

  • March 26: Differently-abled persons
  • March 27: Defence, paramilitary, and police personnel
  • March 28: Women and Tribal Women’s SHGs
  • March 29: Senior citizens

Entry is free, with online booking at visit.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in or walk-in options. Additionally, Rashtrapati Bhavan will host the Vividhta Ka Amrit Mahotsav from March 6 to 9, showcasing Southern India’s cultural heritage.

India’s First Case of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) Detected in Bengaluru

First Case in India: An eight-month-old baby has been detected with Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) in Bengaluru, marking India’s first case amid a surge in such cases in China. The child has no travel history.

Government Response: The Karnataka Health Department confirmed the case, and it was reported to the Union Health Ministry. The Ministry assures India is prepared to manage respiratory illnesses, with no unusual surge in cases detected.

Monitoring and Updates: A joint monitoring group meeting was held to discuss the rise in respiratory illnesses in China. The Union Health Ministry is closely monitoring the situation and has requested updates from the WHO.

HMPV Overview:

Symptoms: HMPV causes symptoms similar to the common cold, like cough, fever, nasal congestion, and shortness of breath.
Vulnerable Groups: Children, sexagenarians, and people with weak immune systems are most vulnerable. Most cases are mild, with most people contracting it before age 5.
Transmission: It spreads easily from person to person or contaminated surfaces. Recognized as a significant contributor to respiratory infections since its discovery in 2001.

Prevention Advice: The Director General of Health Services, Dr. Atul Goel, advises the public to take general precautions for respiratory infections, such as avoiding contact if symptomatic, following respiratory etiquette, and using common medicines for cold and fever.

IMD Declares 2024 as Warmest Year in India Since 1901

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) reported that 2024 was the warmest year on record in India since 1901.

IMD Director General, Mrutyunjay Mohapatra, stated that minimum and maximum temperatures are expected to be higher than normal across most parts of the country in January, except in some areas of the eastern, northwest, and west-central regions.

However, western and northern parts of Central India may experience more cold wave days than usual. Rainfall in north India from January to March is projected to be below normal.

Cyclonic Storm Fengal Makes Landfall Between Karaikal and Mahabalipuram

Cyclonic storm Fengal, made landfall between Karaikal and Mahabalipuram near Puducherry on 30 November 2024, bring heavy rainfall and strong winds gusting up to 90 km/h. The Puducherry administration and Tamil Nadu authorities are on high alert, implementing extensive disaster management measures.

Emergency Preparations: The Disaster Management Emergency Operations Center is monitoring the situation. Officials, including District Collector A. Kulothungan, inspected low-lying areas and issued instructions to address challenges swiftly. NDRF trained personnel on portable lighting systems for power outages, while awareness campaigns urge residents to avoid unnecessary travel.

CoP29 UN Climate Change Conference, held in Baku, Azerbaijan, from November 11 to 22, 2024

The 29th session of the Conference of the Parties (CoP29) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was held in Baku, Azerbaijan, from November 11 to November 22, 2024. This significant global event brought together world leaders, negotiators, business leaders, young people, climate scientists, Indigenous Peoples, and civil society to discuss and advance collective climate action.

One of the key priorities of CoP29 was to secure a new goal on climate finance. The conference aimed to ensure that every country has the means to take stronger climate action, slash greenhouse gas emissions, and build resilient communities. A notable outcome was the agreement to triple public finance to developing countries, increasing it from USD 100 billion annually to USD 300 billion annually by 2035.

Despite the progress made, the conference faced challenges, including tense disagreements over climate finance and walkouts by some parties. The final deal was criticized for not fully addressing the scale, urgency, and inequity of the climate emergency. However, the conference laid the groundwork for future negotiations and highlighted the importance of continued global cooperation to tackle climate change.

GRAP Stage-4 implemented in Delhi-NCR from Nov 18 as Air Quality turns ‘Severe’

Due to severe air quality in Delhi-NCR, GRAP Stage-4 restrictions were implemented from 8 AM on November 18, 2024. The entry of heavy vehicles from other states is banned, except for trucks carrying essential commodities or services, and CNG, electric, and BS-VI diesel trucks.

The decision was made during a meeting of the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM). The Air Quality Index (AQI) in Delhi reached 452 by 6 PM, with most areas recording AQI levels above 450, as per the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

Severe Cyclonic Storm ‘Dana’ in the Bay of Bengal Moving Towards Odisha

A severe cyclonic storm named ‘Dana’ is getting stronger in the Bay of Bengal and is moving towards the Odisha coast at 4 km per hour. It is expected to make landfall on the night of October 24-25, between Bhitarkanika and Bhadrak or Balasore. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has predicted that the storm will intensify into a severe cyclonic storm with wind speeds of 100 to 110 km per hour, gusting up to 120 km per hour.

The government has begun evacuating people from areas that may be severely affected. Six IAS officers are in charge of relief and rescue operations in six districts. Schools, colleges, and universities in 14 districts will be closed for three days, and exams have been canceled. All doctors’ leaves are canceled, and hospitals are preparing with extra medicines. The East Coast Railways has canceled 198 trains for three days, and over 500 cyclone shelters with basic supplies are ready. The state has asked for more NDRF teams, and fishermen are banned from going to sea starting tomorrow.

Stage-2 of GRAP invoked in Delhi and NCR region to tackle air pollution

Due to worsening air quality in Delhi and the NCR region, Stage-2 of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) has been activated from October 22, 2024. The decision was made by the Commission for Air Quality Management, which advised citizens to avoid dust-generating construction and open burning of waste and biomass during October to January.

An 11-point action plan has been enforced, including daily road cleaning, water sprinkling, and strict dust control at construction sites. The committee also emphasized targeted pollution control at hotspots and ensuring uninterrupted power supply to minimize the use of alternative power generators.

United Nations Biodiversity Conference (COP16) in Colombia from 21 October to 1 November 2024

The United Nations Biodiversity Conference (COP16) has begun in Colombia on 21 October 2024, where nearly 200 countries will assess progress on global biodiversity commitments. The focus is on the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, signed by 196 countries, aimed at halting and reversing nature loss.

Key tasks include reviewing how countries’ National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) align with the framework, advancing the monitoring system, and enhancing resource mobilization. Additionally, COP16 will finalize a mechanism for sharing benefits from digital genetic resource data. Colombia’s Environment Minister Susana Muhamad and Convention Executive Secretary Astrid Schomaker highlighted the importance of accelerating biodiversity action.

International Film Festival and Forum on Environment and Wildlife, “Vatavaran” inaugrated in New Delhi

The International Film Festival and Forum on Environment and Wildlife, Vatavaran was inaugurated on 3 October 2024 at Paryavaran Bhawan, New Delhi, with the theme “Wetlands for Life”, focusing on raising awareness and promoting conservation of the wetlands ecosystem.

During the event, Jitendra Kumar, Director General of Forests in the Ministry of Environment, emphasized the ecological and economic importance of wetlands to India, noting that 6% of Indians depend on wetlands for their livelihoods. Taina Dyckhoff, Head of Climate and Environment at the German Embassy to India, highlighted the successful bilateral cooperation between India and Germany in environmental and wetlands conservation.

Govt declares Eco-Sensitive Zone around Gir protected area

The government has declared 1.84 lakh hectares around the Gir Protected Area as an Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) on 25 September 2024.

The goal is to protect Asiatic lions in Gir, their only natural home, while allowing for sustainable development.

State Forest Minister Mulubhai Bera mentioned that the current ESZ includes areas within 10 km of the Gir boundary, covering 196 villages in three districts and 17 rivers. The new zone will add over 24,000 hectares of forest and 1.59 lakh hectares of non-forest land.

Nepal Becomes 101st Member of International Solar Alliance

On September 9, 2024, Nepal officially became the 101st member of the International Solar Alliance (ISA). The Instrument of Ratification was handed over by Nepal’s Chargé d’Affaires, Surendra Thapa, to the ISA officials in New Delhi. This membership marks a significant step for Nepal in its commitment to promoting renewable energy and addressing climate change.

About the International Solar Alliance

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a coalition of solar resource-rich countries, initiated by India and France during the COP21 Paris Agreement in 2015. The ISA aims to promote solar energy and reduce dependence on fossil fuels by facilitating the deployment of solar technologies globally.

Q.: Which two countries initiated the International Solar Alliance?

A) India and the USA
B) India and France
C) France and Germany
D) India and China

Ans : B) India and France
The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a coalition of solar resource-rich countries, initiated by India and France during the COP21 Paris Agreement in 2015. On September 9, 2024, Nepal officially became the 101st member of the International Solar Alliance (ISA).

Smart Laboratory on Clean Rivers (SLCR) Project in Varanasi : India – Denmark Collaboration for Clean Rivers

On 22 August 2024, the Green Strategic Partnership between India and Denmark led to the creation of the Smart Laboratory on Clean Rivers (SLCR) in Varanasi.

  • SLCR is a collaboration between the Government of India, IIT-BHU, and the Government of Denmark focused on rejuvenating the Varuna River using sustainable methods.
  • The initiative involves a hybrid lab at IIT-BHU and a living lab at the Varuna River for real-world testing.
  • Key bodies, including the Indo-Danish Joint Steering Committee and Multi-Stakeholder Working Group, provide guidance and oversight.
  • Initial funding includes Rs. 16.80 crore from the Ministry of Jal Shakti and Rs. 5 crore from Denmark.
  • Four projects have been approved, focusing on water management, pollutant analysis, heritage preservation, and river-aquifer dynamics.
  • The SLCR aims to integrate academic, governmental, and international efforts for small river rejuvenation and sustainable solutions.

1. What does SLCR stand for in the context of the India-Denmark collaboration project in Varanasi?

a) Sustainable Laboratory on Clean Rivers
b) Smart Laboratory on Clean Rivers
c) Scientific Lab for Clean Rivers
d) Strategic Laboratory on Clean Rivers

Answer: b) Smart Laboratory on Clean Rivers

2. The SLCR project in Varanasi focuses on rejuvenating which river?

a) Ganga
b) Yamuna
c) Varuna
d) Godavari

Answer: c) Varuna

3. Which countries are involved in the Green Strategic Partnership that led to the creation of the SLCR?

a) India and Germany
b) India and Denmark
c) India and Japan
d) India and France

Answer: b) India and Denmark

India’s Ramsar Sites Count Reaches 85 with Three New Additions

India has recently added three more wetlands to its list of Ramsar sites, bringing the total to 85. Ramsar sites are wetlands of international importance, designated under the Ramsar Convention, an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.

Importance of Ramsar Sites

Ramsar sites play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. They support a wide variety of flora and fauna, including many endangered species. These wetlands also provide essential services such as water purification, flood control, and groundwater replenishment. Additionally, they are vital for the livelihoods of local communities, offering resources like fish and plants.

Recent Additions

The three new Ramsar sites in India are:

  1. Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu
  2. Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu
  3. Tawa Reservoir in Madhya Pradesh

Distribution Across India

India’s Ramsar sites are spread across 18 states, with Tamil Nadu having the highest number at 18 sites, followed by Uttar Pradesh with 10. These sites cover a diverse range of ecosystems, from high-altitude lakes in Ladakh to coastal wetlands in Tamil Nadu.

Notable Ramsar Sites

  • Chilika Lake in Odisha: Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon, known for its bird sanctuary.
  • Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan: A UNESCO World Heritage site, famous for its avian population.
  • Sundarbans Wetland in West Bengal: Part of the largest mangrove forest in the world.

Q.: What is the total number of Ramsar sites in India after added three more wetlands in August 2024?

A) 75
B) 80
C) 85
D) 90

Ans : C) 85
India has recently added three more wetlands to its list of Ramsar sites, bringing the total to 85.

Q.: Which Ramsar site in India is known as Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon?

A) Keoladeo National Park
B) Sundarbans Wetland
C) Chilika Lake
D) Loktak Lake

Ans : C) Chilika Lake
Chilika Lake in Odisha: Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon, known for its bird sanctuary.

Namami Gange Mission 2.0: Projects worth Rs 920 crore completed in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar

The central government has completed and operationalized four major projects under the Namami Gange Mission 2.0 in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, totaling Rs 920 crore. These projects aim to enhance sewage treatment capacity by 145 megaliters per day (MLD) and improve sewer networks. Key highlights include:

  • Technology and Standards: Utilizes Hybrid Annuity PPP (HAM) model and Advanced Sequencing Batch Reactor technology, adhering to National Green Tribunal (NGT) standards.
  • Environmental Impact: Aims to significantly improve the water quality of the Ganga and its tributaries by treating sewage and preventing untreated discharge.

Project Locations and Details:

  • Munger, Bihar: Cost: Rs 366 crore, Sewerage Network: 175 km, STP Capacity: 30 MLD, Benefits: Approximately 300,000 residents
  • Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh: Cost: Rs 129 crore, Sewage Treatment: Two new STPs (Pakka Pokhra and Bisunderpur) with 8.5 MLD capacity each
  • Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh: Cost: Rs 153 crore, Network: 1.3 km interception and diversion, STP Capacity: 21 MLD
  • Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh: Cost: Rs 271 crore, Focus: Intercepting, diverting, and treating sewage to prevent Ganga pollution

Community Benefits:

  • Enhances water quality and sanitation infrastructure.
  • Connects households to the sewer network, preventing untreated sewage discharge.

These initiatives are part of the broader Namami Gange Mission, aiming to rejuvenate and conserve the River Ganga for future generations.

Q.: What is the primary goal of the Namami Gange Mission?

A) To build new dams
B) To rejuvenate and conserve the River Ganga
C) To promote tourism along the Ganga
D) To construct new bridges over the Ganga

Ans : B) To rejuvenate and conserve the River Ganga
Namami Gange Mission, aim to rejuvenate and conserve the River Ganga for future generations.

World Hottest Day : July 22, 2024

According to preliminary data from a European Union monitoring agency, Monday, July 22, 2024, was the World hottest day on record, surpassing the previous day, July 21. The global average surface air temperature reached 17.15 degrees Celsius.

Historical Context:

  • The record was previously set for four consecutive days in early July 2023.
  • Before that, the hottest day was in August 2016.

Recent Heat Records:

  • Cities in Japan, Indonesia, and China have recently registered record heat.
  • Gulf countries have experienced heat indexes exceeding 60 degrees Celsius.
  • Parts of Europe have seen temperatures surge past 45 degrees Celsius.

Cause of Record Heat:

  • Scientists attribute the record heat to climate change driven by the burning of fossil fuels.
  • Unlike the previous year, which saw a combination of climate change and the El Nino pattern, this record was set without El Nino’s influence.

Q.: When was the World hottest day on record according to the preliminary data from a European Union monitoring agency?

A) July 21, 2023
B) July 22, 2024
C) August 2016
D) July 20, 2023

Ans : B) July 22, 2024
According to preliminary data from a European Union monitoring agency, Monday, July 22, 2024, was the World hottest day on record,

Q.: What was the global average surface air temperature on the hottest day on record on July 22, 2024?

A) 17.00 degrees Celsius
B) 17.10 degrees Celsius
C) 17.15 degrees Celsius
D) 17.20 degrees Celsius

Ans : C) 17.15 degrees Celsius
The global average surface air temperature reached 17.15 degrees Celsius.

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