Union Budget 2026–27: Key Highlights for Competitive Exams

Union Budget 2026–27 is India’s 80th budget, presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on 1st February 2026. It emphasizes fiscal discipline, infrastructure push, reforms in taxation, and youth-centric growth.

📌 Union Budget 2026–27: Key Highlights

Fiscal & Economic Indicators

  • Total Expenditure: ₹53.47 lakh crore (↑7.7% from 2025–26)
  • Receipts (excluding borrowings): ₹36.51 lakh crore (↑7.2%)
  • Nominal GDP Growth Estimate: 10% (real growth + inflation)
  • Fiscal Deficit Target: 4.3% of GDP (vs. 4.4% in 2025–26)
  • Revenue Deficit Target: 1.5% of GDP (same as 2025–26)

Taxation & Customs

  • Simplification of customs tariff structure to boost exports.
  • Duty-free import limit for seafood export inputs raised to 3% of FOB turnover.
  • Exemptions extended for lithium-ion battery storage, solar glass, nuclear power projects (till 2035).
  • Phasing out exemptions for items with negligible imports to encourage domestic manufacturing.

Infrastructure & Growth

  • High-speed corridors announced for logistics efficiency.
  • Capital expenditure thrust continues to drive growth.
  • Focus on manufacturing in frontier sectors and rejuvenation of legacy industries.
  • Push for MSMEs as “champion sectors.”

Social & Welfare Initiatives

  • Yuva Shakti-driven Budget: Emphasis on youth employment and skill development.
  • Strengthening social welfare schemes for inclusive growth.
  • Focus on healthcare, education, and rural development.

Haryana Thunders win Pro Wrestling League 2026

Haryana Thunders were crowned champions of the Pro Wrestling League (PWL) 2026 after a thrilling final against Delhi Dangal Warriors at the Noida Indoor Stadium on 1 February 2026. With the contest tied 4–4 after eight bouts, the title was decided in the final women’s 62 kg bout, where Paris Olympic silver medallist Iryna Koliadenko displayed remarkable composure and technical superiority to secure a dramatic 5–4 victory for Haryana.

Turan Bayramov (Delhi Dangal Warriors) was named Player of the Tournament for winning all 7 of his bouts in the men’s 57 kg category with 59 points, while Chandermohan (Punjab Royals) emerged as the highest point scorer overall. In the final, Neha Sangwan (Haryana Thunders) won Player of the Match, Ronak (Delhi Dangal Warriors) was adjudged Fighter of the Match, and Akshay Dhere (Haryana Thunders) claimed Impact Player of the Match, bringing a dramatic and memorable PWL 2026 season to a fitting close.

Patna Bird Sanctuary & Chhari-Dhand added to Ramsar List

Patna Bird Sanctuary in Etah district, Uttar Pradesh and Chhari-Dhand in Kutch district, Gujarat have been added to India’s Ramsar network, strengthening the country’s commitment to wetland conservation. The announcement was made by Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change Bhupender Yadav on 31 January 2026. The two wetlands support hundreds of migratory and resident bird species and are also habitats for wildlife such as chinkara, wolves, caracal, desert cats, desert foxes, along with several endangered bird species.

India is a Contracting Party to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, which was signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, and India became a signatory on 1 February 1982. The newly designated sites highlight India’s growing role in internationally recognised wetland conservation and management efforts.

Current Affairs MCQs : 31 January 2026

Q. Kavach Version 4.0, recently commissioned across multiple railway sections, is best described as:
प्रश्न: हाल ही में कई रेलवे सेक्शनों में लागू किया गया कवच संस्करण 4.0 किस रूप में जाना जाता है?

A. A foreign-developed signalling software adopted by Indian Railways
विदेश में विकसित सिग्नलिंग सॉफ्टवेयर जिसे भारतीय रेलवे ने अपनाया

B. An automatic fare collection and passenger information system
स्वचालित किराया संग्रह और यात्री सूचना प्रणाली

C. India’s indigenous Automatic Train Protection system
भारत की स्वदेशी स्वचालित ट्रेन सुरक्षा प्रणाली

D. A high-speed rail technology used only on bullet train corridors
केवल बुलेट ट्रेन कॉरिडोर में उपयोग की जाने वाली हाई-स्पीड रेल तकनीक

Show Answer
✅ Correct Answer / सही उत्तर:
C. India’s indigenous Automatic Train Protection system

📝 Explanation / व्याख्या:

English:
Kavach 4.0 is an indigenously developed Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system, approved by RDSO, designed to prevent train collisions, Signal Passed at Danger (SPAD) incidents, and overspeeding.

Hindi:
कवच 4.0 एक स्वदेशी रूप से विकसित स्वचालित ट्रेन सुरक्षा प्रणाली (ATP) है, जिसे RDSO द्वारा स्वीकृति मिली है। इसका उद्देश्य ट्रेन टक्कर, सिग्नल उल्लंघन (SPAD) और अधिक गति को रोकना है।

Q. In its 30 January 2026 ruling, the Supreme Court held that the right to menstrual hygiene is intrinsically linked to which constitutional provision?
प्रश्न: 30 जनवरी 2026 के अपने निर्णय में सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने मासिक धर्म स्वच्छता के अधिकार को किस संवैधानिक प्रावधान से जोड़ा?

A. Article 14 – Right to Equality
अनुच्छेद 14 – समानता का अधिकार

B. Article 15 – Prohibition of Discrimination
अनुच्छेद 15 – भेदभाव का निषेध

C. Article 19 – Right to Freedom
अनुच्छेद 19 – स्वतंत्रता का अधिकार

D. Article 21 – Right to Life and Personal Liberty
अनुच्छेद 21 – जीवन और व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता का अधिकार

Show Answer
✅ Correct Answer / सही उत्तर:
D. Article 21 – Right to Life and Personal Liberty

📝 Explanation / व्याख्या:

English:
The Supreme Court ruled that menstrual hygiene is an essential component of the Right to Life under Article 21, as it affects dignity, health, privacy, and equality of women and girls.

Hindi:
सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने निर्णय दिया कि मासिक धर्म स्वच्छता अनुच्छेद 21 के अंतर्गत जीवन के अधिकार का अभिन्न हिस्सा है, क्योंकि यह महिलाओं और बालिकाओं की गरिमा, स्वास्थ्य, निजता और समानता को सीधे प्रभावित करती है।

Supreme Court Declares Menstrual Hygiene a Fundamental Right Under Article 21

On 30 January 2026, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the right to menstrual hygiene is an integral part of the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution. A bench comprising Justice J.B. Pardiwala and Justice R. Mahadevan issued a set of binding directions to all States, Union Territories, and schools to ensure dignity, health, privacy, and equality for girls and women.

The Court directed that every school must provide free biodegradable sanitary napkins to adolescent girls and ensure the availability of functional, hygienic, and gender-segregated toilets. It observed that the absence of basic facilities and the social stigma surrounding menstruation adversely impact girls’ health, education, and privacy.

Further, the Supreme Court ordered pan-India implementation of the Union Government’s ‘Menstrual Hygiene Policy for School-going Girls’ for students from Classes 6 to 12. The ruling clarified that compliance is mandatory for both government and private schools, warning that private institutions may face derecognition if they fail to provide separate toilets or ensure access to free sanitary pads. The judgment was delivered while hearing a petition seeking free sanitary napkins and adequate sanitation facilities for schoolgirls.

Indian Railways Commissions 472 Route km of Kavach 4.0 to Boost Rail Safety

On 30 January 2026, Indian Railways commissioned 472 route kilometres of Kavach Version 4.0 across three key sections, marking a major milestone in rail safety. The newly commissioned sections include 344 km from Vadodara to Virar (Western Railway), 35 km from Tuglakabad Junction Cabin to Palwal (Northern Railway), and 93.3 km from Manpur to Sarmatanr (East Central Railway).

This achievement represents the highest-ever Kavach commissioning in a single day as well as in a single month. With this addition, Kavach Version 4.0 now covers over 1,300 route kilometres across five routes of the Indian Railways network. The Ministry of Railways stated that this expansion reflects India’s continued focus on strengthening train protection, operational safety, and reliability, especially on high-density corridors.

About Kavach System

Kavach is India’s indigenous Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system, designed to prevent train collisions and enhance overall railway safety. It is capable of automatically applying brakes in situations such as signal passing at danger (SPAD), overspeeding, and potential collisions.

Current Affairs MCQs : 30 January 2026

Q. According to the Economic Survey 2025–26, what is the projected real GDP growth rate for India in FY26?
आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण 2025–26 के अनुसार, FY26 में भारत की अनुमानित वास्तविक GDP वृद्धि दर क्या है?

A. 6.5%
B. 7.0%
C. 7.4%
D. 8.1%

Show Answer
✅ Correct Answer / सही उत्तर: C. 7.4%

Explanation (English):
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman tabled the Economic Survey 2025–26 in the Lok Sabha on 29 February 2026. The Survey projects strong real GDP growth of 7.4% for India, along with a historic low inflation rate of 1.7%.

व्याख्या (हिंदी):
वित्त मंत्री निर्मला सीतारमण ने 29 फरवरी 2026 को लोकसभा में आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण 2025–26 पेश किया। इस सर्वेक्षण में भारत की वास्तविक GDP वृद्धि दर 7.4% रहने का अनुमान लगाया गया है, साथ ही मुद्रास्फीति दर ऐतिहासिक रूप से 1.7% बताई गई है।

Q. Why did the Supreme Court keep the UGC (Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2026 in abeyance?
सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने UGC (उच्च शिक्षा संस्थानों में समानता को बढ़ावा) विनियम, 2026 को स्थगित क्यों किया?

A. Because the Regulations lacked approval of the Union Cabinet
A. क्योंकि इन विनियमों को केंद्रीय मंत्रिमंडल की मंजूरी नहीं मिली थी

B. Due to procedural lapses in framing the Regulations
B. विनियमों के निर्माण में प्रक्रियात्मक खामियों के कारण

C. Due to doubts over constitutional validity, including vagueness and potential misuse
C. संवैधानिक वैधता को लेकर संदेह, अस्पष्टता और दुरुपयोग की संभावना के कारण

D. Because universities failed to implement the Regulations
D. क्योंकि विश्वविद्यालय इन विनियमों को लागू करने में विफल रहे

Show Answer
✅ Correct Answer / सही उत्तर:
C. Due to doubts over constitutional validity, including vagueness and potential misuse
C. संवैधानिक वैधता, अस्पष्टता और संभावित दुरुपयोग को लेकर संदेह के कारण

Supreme Court Keeps UGC Promotion of Equity Regulations, 2026 in Abeyance

On 29 January 2026, the Supreme Court of India ordered that the University Grants Commission (Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2026 be kept in abeyance after expressing serious reservations about their constitutional validity. The Regulations are under challenge for being discriminatory against the general category, with the Court observing that they are prima facie vague and susceptible to misuse.

A Bench comprising Chief Justice of India Surya Kant and Justice Joymalya Bagchi suggested that the Regulations should be revisited by a committee of eminent jurists. While issuing notice to the Union Government and the University Grants Commission, returnable on March 19, the Court directed that the 2012 UGC Regulations will continue to operate until a final decision is taken.

Economic Survey 2025–26: India Projects 7.4% Growth with Historic Low Inflation

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman tabled the Economic Survey 2025–26 in the Lok Sabha on 29 February 2026, prepared by the Department of Economic Affairs under the guidance of the Chief Economic Advisor.

The Survey presents a comprehensive assessment of India’s economy, projecting strong real GDP growth of 7.4%, historic low inflation of 1.7%, and sustained economic resilience despite global uncertainties. It highlights robust domestic demand, infrastructure-led growth, improving banking health, and fiscal consolidation, positioning India as the fastest-growing major economy.

Serving as the foundation for Union Budget 2026, the Survey emphasizes reforms, social sector priorities, and a forward-looking approach of “caution, not pessimism” as India advances toward long-term stability and global leadership.

Current Affairs MCQs : 29 January 2026

Q. Which Service was adjudged the Best Marching Contingent at the Republic Day Parade 2026?
गणतंत्र दिवस परेड 2026 में किस सेवा को सर्वश्रेष्ठ मार्चिंग टुकड़ी चुना गया?

A. Indian Army / भारतीय थल सेना
B. Indian Air Force / भारतीय वायु सेना
C. Indian Navy / भारतीय नौसेना
D. Assam Regiment / असम रेजिमेंट

Show Answer
✅ Answer / उत्तर: C) Indian Navy / भारतीय नौसेना

Q. Which force won the Best Marching Contingent award among Central Armed Police Forces and Auxiliary Forces in 2026?
2026 में केंद्रीय सशस्त्र पुलिस बलों एवं सहायक बलों में सर्वश्रेष्ठ मार्चिंग टुकड़ी का पुरस्कार किसे मिला?

A. CRPF / सीआरपीएफ
B. BSF / बीएसएफ
C. ITBP / आईटीबीपी
D. Delhi Police / दिल्ली पुलिस

Show Answer
✅ Answer / उत्तर: D) Delhi Police / दिल्ली पुलिस

Q. Which state’s tableau titled “Ganeshotsav: A Symbol of Aatmanirbharta” secured first place in 2026?
“गणेशोत्सव: आत्मनिर्भरता का प्रतीक” शीर्षक वाली झांकी किस राज्य को प्रथम स्थान मिला?

A. Gujarat / गुजरात
B. Maharashtra / महाराष्ट्र
C. Kerala / केरल
D. Uttar Pradesh / उत्तर प्रदेश

Show Answer
✅ Answer / उत्तर: B) Maharashtra / महाराष्ट्र

Q. Ajit Pawar, the Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra, died in a tragic plane crash on 28 January 2026 when a Learjet 45 (VT-SSK) crash-landed at which airport?
महाराष्ट्र के उपमुख्यमंत्री अजित पवार का 28 जनवरी 2026 को एक दुखद विमान दुर्घटना में निधन हो गया। लियरजेट-45 (VT-SSK) किस हवाई अड्डे पर दुर्घटनाग्रस्त हुआ?

A. Pune Airport / पुणे हवाई अड्डा
B. Mumbai Airport / मुंबई हवाई अड्डा
C. Baramati Airport / बारामती हवाई अड्डा
D. Nagpur Airport / नागपुर हवाई अड्डा

Show Answer
Answer / उत्तर: C) Baramati Airport / बारामती हवाई अड्डा

Maharashtra Deputy CM Ajit Pawar Dies in Plane Crash

Maharashtra Deputy Chief Minister Ajit Pawar died in a tragic plane crash on 28 January 2026 after a Learjet 45 (VT-SSK) crash-landed at Baramati airport. The Civil Aviation Ministry confirmed that all five people on board, including Ajit Pawar, lost their lives.

Following the incident, the Maharashtra government declared three days of state mourning, and his last rites will be held in Baramati, Pune district, with full state honours at Vidya Pratishthan ground. Governor Acharya Devvrat, Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis, and Deputy Chief Minister Eknath Shinde paid their last respects and met his family.

A six-time Deputy Chief Minister, Ajit Pawar had a political career spanning nearly four decades, served as Finance Minister, presented the state budget 11 times, and played a key role in the cooperative and sports sectors, earning him a strong mass connect and the title of “Dada” in Maharashtra politics.

Republic Day Parade 2026: Best Marching Contingents and Best Tableaux

The results of the Best Marching Contingents and Best Tableaux at the Republic Day Parade 2026 have been declared, celebrating excellence in discipline, creativity, and cultural pride.

🏅 Best Marching Contingents

  • Indian Navy – Best among the three Services.
  • Delhi Police – Best among Central Armed Police Forces & Auxiliary Forces.

🎨 Best Tableaux (States & UTs)

  1. Maharashtra – Ganeshotsav: A Symbol of Aatmanirbharta
  2. Jammu & Kashmir – Handicrafts and Folk Dances of Jammu & Kashmir
  3. Kerala – Water Metro and 100% Digital Literacy: Aatmanirbhar Kerala for Aatmanirbhar Bharat

🏛️ Best Tableaux (Central Ministries & Departments)

  • Winner: Ministry of Culture – Vande Mataram – The Soul Cry of a Nation
  • Special Prizes:
    • CPWD – Vande Mataram – Commemoration of 150 Years
    • Dance Group – Vande Mataram: The Eternal Resonance of India

🗳️ Popular Choice Awards (MyGov Poll)

  • Marching Contingents (Services) – Assam Regiment
  • Marching Contingents (CAPFs/Auxiliary Forces) – CRPF
  • Tableaux (States/UTs) – Gujarat (Mantra of Swadeshi – Self-Reliance: Vande Mataram), followed by Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.
  • Tableaux (Ministries) – Department of School Education & Literacy (National Education Policy 2020: Rocketing Indian School Education on the Path to Viksit Bharat)

✨ The Parade at Kartavya Path once again showcased India’s unity in diversity, blending military precision with cultural vibrancy.

Current Affairs MCQs : 28 January 2026

Q. The India–European Union (EU) Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is described as the __________.
भारत–यूरोपीय संघ (EU) मुक्त व्यापार समझौते (FTA) को किस रूप में वर्णित किया गया है?

A) Deal of the decade / दशक का सौदा
B) Turning point in trade / व्यापार में मोड़
C) Global trade booster / वैश्विक व्यापार को बढ़ावा
D) “Mother of all deals” / सभी सौदों की जननी

Show Answer
✅ Answer: D) “Mother of all deals”
📌 On 27 January 2026, India and the European Union officially concluded negotiations on a landmark FTA, described as the “mother of all deals” due to its scale and strategic impact.
📌 27 जनवरी 2026 को भारत और यूरोपीय संघ ने एक ऐतिहासिक FTA पर वार्ता पूरी की, जिसे इसके व्यापक और रणनीतिक महत्व के कारण “Mother of all deals” कहा गया।

Q. What milestone will be achieved during the Budget Session 2026 in relation to the Union Budget?
बजट सत्र 2026 के दौरान केंद्रीय बजट से संबंधित कौन-सा महत्वपूर्ण पड़ाव हासिल होगा?

A) First Budget under GST regime / GST के तहत पहला बजट
B) First Union Budget presented by a President / राष्ट्रपति द्वारा प्रस्तुत पहला बजट
C) Introduction of Digital Rupee in Budget / डिजिटल रुपये की शुरुआत
D) Ninth consecutive Budget presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman
/ वित्त मंत्री निर्मला सीतारमण द्वारा लगातार नौवां बजट

Show Answer
✅ Answer: D) Ninth consecutive Budget presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman
📌 The Budget Session of Parliament 2026 began on 28 January with President Droupadi Murmu’s address to a joint sitting of both Houses.
📌 संसद का बजट सत्र 2026, 28 जनवरी को राष्ट्रपति द्रौपदी मुर्मु के संयुक्त सत्र को संबोधन के साथ प्रारंभ हुआ।

Q. Which of the following is a major change introduced in the UGC’s 2026 Equity Regulations compared to the 2012 guidelines?
UGC के 2012 दिशानिर्देशों की तुलना में 2026 के समानता विनियमों में कौन-सा प्रमुख परिवर्तन किया गया है?

A) They remain advisory in nature
/ वे केवल परामर्शात्मक ही हैं
B) They now include OBC students along with SC/ST students
/ अब SC/ST के साथ OBC छात्रों को भी शामिल किया गया है
C) Institutions are free to voluntarily adopt them
/ संस्थानों पर इन्हें अपनाना वैकल्पिक है
D) They only apply to central universities
/ ये केवल केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालयों पर लागू हैं

Show Answer
✅ Answer: B) They now include OBC students along with SC/ST students
📌 Explanation: The 2026 regulations expand protection to OBC students, correcting earlier gaps and making the framework more inclusive and legally binding.
📌 व्याख्या: 2026 के विनियमों में OBC छात्रों को भी शामिल किया गया है, जिससे व्यवस्था अधिक समावेशी और कानूनी रूप से बाध्यकारी बन गई है।

New UGC Guidelines on Caste-Based Discrimination in Higher Education

The University Grants Commission (UGC) has issued new legally binding guidelines in January 2026 to curb caste-based discrimination in higher education institutions. These rules, called the Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions Regulations, 2026, replace the earlier 2012 advisory framework and mandate strict compliance by all UGC-recognised universities and colleges.

📌 Key Features of the New UGC Guidelines

  • Legal Framework: Unlike the 2012 guidelines, the 2026 regulations are mandatory and enforceable, with penalties for non-compliance.
  • Expanded Definition of Discrimination: Explicitly covers SC, ST, and OBC students, correcting earlier gaps that excluded OBCs.
  • Equal Opportunity Centres (EOCs): Every institution must establish an EOC to handle complaints, promote inclusivity, and monitor compliance.
  • Accountability: Vice-chancellors, principals, and heads of institutions are directly responsible for ensuring equity and preventing discrimination.
  • Grievance Redressal: Institutions must set up dedicated grievance mechanisms for caste-based complaints, covering admissions, hostels, classrooms, and faculty interactions.
  • Penalties: Non-compliance can lead to financial sanctions, withdrawal of recognition, or other disciplinary action against institutions.

🏛 Impact on Campuses

  • Students: Greater protection for marginalized groups, ensuring dignity and equal opportunity in academics, hostels, and extracurricular activities.
  • Faculty & Staff: Required to undergo sensitization programs to prevent discriminatory practices.
  • Institutions: Must adopt proactive measures like awareness campaigns, reporting systems, and periodic audits of inclusivity.

📊 Comparison: Old vs New Guidelines

Aspect2012 Guidelines2026 Guidelines
NatureAdvisory onlyLegally binding
CoverageSC/ST studentsSC, ST, OBC students
ComplianceVoluntaryMandatory with penalties
Grievance SystemGeneral redressDedicated caste-based complaint mechanisms
Institutional RoleEncouraged equityEqual Opportunity Centres compulsory

Budget Session of Parliament 2026 from January 28

The Budget Session of Parliament 2026 began on January 28 with President Droupadi Murmu’s address to a joint sitting of both Houses. The session will run in two phases until April 2, featuring the Economic Survey on January 29 and Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman’s ninth consecutive Union Budget on February 1, setting a new parliamentary record.

Structured into Phase 1 (Jan 28–Feb 13), Recess (Feb 14–Mar 8), and Phase 2 (Mar 9–Apr 2), the session includes 30 sittings over 65 days. Key events include the President’s Address outlining priorities for Viksit Bharat, the Economic Survey reviewing performance for FY 2025–26, and the Union Budget for FY 2026–27.

India–EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA) 2026: Key Highlights & Strategic Impact

On 27 Jan 2026, India and the European Union (EU) officially concluded negotiations on a landmark Free Trade Agreement (FTA), described as the “mother of all deals.” The pact is expected to become operational by end of 2026, significantly reshaping global trade dynamics by eliminating tariffs, boosting exports, and strengthening strategic ties between two major economies.

The FTA covers markets representing ~2 billion people and ~25% of global GDP. It includes major tariff reductions, such as removal of duties on aircraft, and cuts on alcohol, food products, chemicals, and over 90% of EU goods. The deal ensures market access for 99% of India’s exports and includes €500 million in climate support funding.

Strategically, it promises an economic boost, with expectations of doubling EU exports to India by 2032, while enhancing India’s competitiveness in textiles, IT services, and pharmaceuticals. It also contributes to geopolitical balance amid uncertainties with the US and China, and expands cooperation in defence, security, and mobility.

However, challenges include a lengthy ratification process, domestic adjustments for Indian sectors like agriculture and small-scale manufacturing, and the need for regulatory alignment with EU standards on data protection, sustainability, and product quality.

In conclusion, the India–EU FTA marks a historic milestone, paving the way for economic growth, innovation, and stronger geopolitical alignment, despite implementation and adaptation challenges.

Current Affairs MCQs : 27 January 2026

Q. Who received the Ashoka Chakra during the 77th Republic Day 2026 celebration?
77वें गणतंत्र दिवस 2026 के अवसर पर अशोक चक्र किसे प्रदान किया गया?

A. Captain Vikram Batra
B. Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla
C. Squadron Leader Rakesh Sharma
D. Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan

Show Answer
✅ Answer / उत्तर: B. Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla

Explanation (English):
Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla was awarded the Ashoka Chakra for his historic role in Axiom Mission-4 (Ax-4), making him the first Indian astronaut to receive India’s highest peacetime gallantry award.

व्याख्या (Hindi):
ग्रुप कैप्टन शुभांशु शुक्ला को एक्सिओम मिशन-4 (Ax-4) में उनकी ऐतिहासिक भूमिका के लिए अशोक चक्र से सम्मानित किया गया। वह यह सम्मान पाने वाले पहले भारतीय अंतरिक्ष यात्री बने।

🏏 Q. Which country has been announced as Bangladesh’s replacement for the T20 World Cup 2026?
टी20 विश्व कप 2026 में बांग्लादेश के स्थान पर किस देश को शामिल किया गया है?

A. Ireland
B. Nepal
C. Scotland
D. Netherlands

Show Answer
✅ Answer / उत्तर: C. Scotland

Explanation (English):
The ICC confirmed that Scotland will replace Bangladesh in Group C of the T20 World Cup 2026, to be held in India and Sri Lanka.

व्याख्या (Hindi):
आईसीसी ने पुष्टि की है कि स्कॉटलैंड को टी20 विश्व कप 2026 के ग्रुप-C में बांग्लादेश के स्थान पर शामिल किया गया है। यह टूर्नामेंट भारत और श्रीलंका में होगा।

🎖️ Q. Which veteran Bollywood actor received the Padma Vibhushan posthumously in 2026?
2026 में मरणोपरांत पद्म विभूषण से किस दिग्गज बॉलीवुड अभिनेता को सम्मानित किया गया?

a. Rajesh Khanna
b. Dharmendra Singh Deol
c. Amitabh Bachchan
d. Jeetendra

Show Answer
✅ Answer / उत्तर: b) Dharmendra Singh Deol

Explanation (English):
Veteran actor Dharmendra Singh Deol was awarded the Padma Vibhushan (posthumously) as part of the Padma Awards 2026.

व्याख्या (Hindi):
दिग्गज अभिनेता धर्मेन्द्र सिंह देओल को पद्म पुरस्कार 2026 के तहत मरणोपरांत पद्म विभूषण से सम्मानित किया गया।

Padma Awards 2026: 131 Recipients Announced Including Top National Figures

The Government of India has announced the Padma Awards 2026, honouring 131 individuals across diverse fields. This year’s highlights include posthumous Padma Vibhushan awards for veteran actor Dharmendra Singh Deol and former Kerala Chief Minister V.S. Achuthanandan, while cricketer Rohit Sharma and actor R. Madhavan feature among Padma Shri recipients.

🏅 Padma Awards 2026 – Key Highlights

  • Total Awards: 131
  • Padma Vibhushan: 5
  • Padma Bhushan: 13
  • Padma Shri: 113
  • Posthumous Awards: 16
  • Women Awardees: 19
  • Foreigners/NRIs/PIOs/OCIs: 6

✨ Notable Recipients

Padma Vibhushan (Exceptional & Distinguished Service)

  • Dharmendra Singh Deol (Art – Cinema) – Posthumous
  • V.S. Achuthanandan (Public Affairs) – Posthumous
  • Other eminent personalities honoured for contributions in public affairs and arts.
    Padma Bhushan (Distinguished Service of High Order)
  • Shibu Soren (Public Affairs) – Posthumous
  • Recognitions across medicine, literature, and social work.
    Padma Shri (Distinguished Service in Any Field)
  • Rohit Sharma (Sports – Cricket)
  • R. Madhavan (Art – Cinema)
  • Mammootty (Art – Malayalam Cinema)
  • Several awardees from science, engineering, medicine, social service, and civil service.

📊 Distribution by Fields

  • Arts & Cinema: Dharmendra, Mammootty, R. Madhavan
  • Sports: Rohit Sharma
  • Public Affairs: V.S. Achuthanandan, Shibu Soren
  • Medicine & Science: Multiple distinguished doctors and scientists
  • Social Work & Civil Service: Numerous grassroots leaders and administrators

Significance of Padma Awards

  • Among India’s highest civilian honours, conferred annually on the eve of Republic Day.
  • Recognize exceptional service in fields such as art, literature, science, medicine, public affairs, social work, and sports.
  • Symbolize India’s commitment to celebrating excellence and contributions that shape society.

Scotland Replaces Bangladesh in Group C for ICC T20 World Cup 2026

The International Cricket Council (ICC) has confirmed that Scotland will replace Bangladesh in Group C of the upcoming T20 World Cup, which will take place in India and Sri Lanka beginning February 7. ICC Chief Executive Sanjog Gupta notified member boards through an official letter, explaining that Bangladesh’s request to shift its scheduled matches out of India violated ICC policies. With no acceptable alternative, Scotland was invited to participate, and a formal communication was also sent to Cricket Scotland.

The ICC had previously given Bangladesh time to reconsider its stance, emphasizing the need to uphold the integrity of the World Cup. With the change finalized, Scotland will now face West Indies on February 7, Italy on February 9, and England on February 14 in Kolkata, before heading to Mumbai to play Nepal on February 17.

India Celebrates 77th Republic Day 2026 at Kartavya Path

India celebrated its 77th Republic Day with a grand parade at Kartavya Path in New Delhi on January 26, 2026, highlighting the nation’s cultural diversity, economic progress, and military strength. President Droupadi Murmu led the celebrations, after Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid homage at the National War Memorial. The President arrived with the chief guests — European Council President Antonio Costa and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen — and unfurled the national flag, followed by the National Anthem and a 21-gun salute.

This year’s celebration focused on the themes ‘Swatantrata ka Mantra: Vande Mataram’ and ‘Samriddhi ka Mantra: Aatmanirbhar Bharat’. Thirty tableaux from states, union territories, and central ministries showcased India’s cultural richness, the legacy of Vande Mataram, and the nation’s progress in self-reliance. The military display featured major platforms including BrahMos, Akash systems, the Suryastra rocket launcher, and Main Battle Tank Arjun, along with a tri-services tableau depicting Operation Sindoor.

President Murmu awarded Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla of the Indian Air Force with the Ashoka Chakra, the highest peacetime gallantry award. The celebrations concluded with a flypast of 29 aircraft including Rafale, Su-30, C-295, Mig-29 and Apache helicopters. Over 2,500 artists performed, and the event was attended by special invitees from diverse fields.

Current Affairs MCQs : 24 January 2026

Q. In January 2025, Indian Railways deployed its first humanoid robot ASC ARJUN at which railway station?
जनवरी 2025 में भारतीय रेलवे ने अपना पहला ह्यूमनॉइड रोबोट ASC ARJUN किस रेलवे स्टेशन पर तैनात किया?

A. New Delhi / नई दिल्ली
B. Chennai Central / चेन्नई सेंट्रल
C. Visakhapatnam / विशाखापत्तनम
D. Secunderabad / सिकंदराबाद

Show Answer
✅ Correct Answer: C. Visakhapatnam / विशाखापत्तनम

Explanation (English):
Indian Railways has deployed its first humanoid robot ASC ARJUN at Visakhapatnam Railway Station to enhance passenger safety, security, and service delivery. The robot works alongside Railway Protection Force (RPF) personnel.

व्याख्या (Hindi):
भारतीय रेलवे ने यात्रियों की सुरक्षा, संरक्षा और सेवा गुणवत्ता को बेहतर बनाने के लिए विशाखापत्तनम रेलवे स्टेशन पर अपना पहला ह्यूमनॉइड रोबोट ASC ARJUN तैनात किया है। यह रोबोट रेलवे सुरक्षा बल (RPF) के साथ मिलकर कार्य करेगा।

Q. The Rozgar Mela initiative of the Government of India is primarily aimed at:
भारत सरकार की ‘रोज़गार मेला’ पहल का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

A. Providing skill training and internships to unemployed youth
बेरोज़गार युवाओं को कौशल प्रशिक्षण और इंटर्नशिप प्रदान करना

B. Fast-tracking recruitment and distributing appointment letters for government jobs
सरकारी नौकरियों के लिए भर्ती प्रक्रिया को तेज़ करना और नियुक्ति पत्र वितरित करना

C. Encouraging private sector participation in employment generation
रोज़गार सृजन में निजी क्षेत्र की भागीदारी को बढ़ावा देना

D. Offering financial assistance for self-employment schemes
स्वरोज़गार योजनाओं के लिए वित्तीय सहायता प्रदान करना

Show Answer
✅ Correct Answer: B

Explanation (English):
The Rozgar Mela initiative aims to accelerate government recruitment by directly distributing appointment letters to newly selected candidates across various ministries and departments.

व्याख्या (Hindi):
रोज़गार मेला पहल का उद्देश्य विभिन्न मंत्रालयों और विभागों में चयनित उम्मीदवारों को सीधे नियुक्ति पत्र वितरित कर सरकारी भर्ती प्रक्रिया को तेज़ करना है।

18th Rozgar Mela 2026: PM Modi Distributes Over 61,000 Appointment Letters

The 18th edition of the Rozgar Mela was held on 24 January 2026, during which Prime Minister Narendra Modi distributed over 61,000 appointment letters to newly recruited youth across various central government departments and organizations. The event was organized simultaneously at 45 locations across India, highlighting its nationwide scale and inclusive approach.

Addressing the appointees, the Prime Minister reiterated the government’s strong commitment to employment generation, emphasizing that job creation is central to national development and youth empowerment. The Rozgar Mela is a flagship initiative aimed at fast-tracking government recruitment and providing stable employment opportunities to young citizens.

Since its inception, Rozgar Melas have resulted in the issuance of more than 11 lakh appointment letters, reflecting their significant impact on public sector employment. Beyond recruitment, the initiative contributes to economic stability, institutional strengthening, and social equity by ensuring wider access to government jobs across regions.

ASC ARJUN: First Humanoid Robot Deployed by Indian Railways at Visakhapatnam

Indian Railways has deployed its first humanoid robot, ASC ARJUN, at Visakhapatnam Railway Station to strengthen passenger safety, security, and service delivery. The robot will function alongside Railway Protection Force (RPF) personnel, especially during periods of heavy passenger movement, reflecting Indian Railways’ commitment to adopting emerging technologies for improved operational efficiency and public convenience.

The robot was unveiled by Inspector General (RPF) Alok Bohra and Divisional Railway Manager Lalit Bohra, in the presence of senior RPF officials. Developed entirely in Visakhapatnam using indigenous technology, ASC ARJUN is the outcome of over a year of work by a dedicated technical team, highlighting Indian Railways’ growing capability to integrate advanced systems into routine operations.

ASC ARJUN is equipped with a Face Recognition System (FRS) for intrusion detection, AI-based crowd monitoring, and real-time alert generation for RPF control rooms. It can make automated public announcements in English, Hindi, and Telugu, enhancing passenger assistance and safety awareness.

With semi-autonomous navigation and obstacle-avoidance, the robot can patrol platforms round the clock, supporting surveillance and optimizing manpower deployment. Additional features include fire and smoke detection systems for emergency response, as well as interactive functions such as greeting passengers with a Namaste, saluting RPF personnel, and providing information through a user interface.

The Ministry of Railways stated that ASC ARJUN’s deployment is part of a broader strategy to leverage technology-driven and indigenously developed innovations to create a safer, more secure, and passenger-friendly railway environment.

Current Affairs MCQs : 23 January 2026

Q. Parakram Diwas is celebrated to honor which Indian freedom fighter?
पराक्रम दिवस किस भारतीय स्वतंत्रता सेनानी के सम्मान में मनाया जाता है?

A. Bhagat Singh / भगत सिंह
B. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel / सरदार वल्लभभाई पटेल
C. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose / नेताजी सुभाष चंद्र बोस
D. Mahatma Gandhi / महात्मा गांधी

Show Answer
✅ Answer / उत्तर: C) Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
Parakram Diwas is celebrated every year on 23 January to honour Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose’s courage, leadership, and contribution to India’s freedom struggle.
पराक्रम दिवस हर वर्ष 23 जनवरी को नेताजी सुभाष चंद्र बोस के साहस, नेतृत्व और भारत के स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में उनके योगदान के सम्मान में मनाया जाता है।

Q. Basant Panchami, which marks the arrival of spring, is primarily dedicated to which goddess?
वसंत पंचमी, जो वसंत ऋतु के आगमन का प्रतीक है, मुख्य रूप से किस देवी को समर्पित है?

A. Goddess Lakshmi / देवी लक्ष्मी
B. Goddess Durga / देवी दुर्गा
C. Goddess Saraswati / देवी सरस्वती
D. Goddess Parvati / देवी पार्वती

Show Answer
✅ Answer / उत्तर: C) Goddess Saraswati
Basant Panchami, also known as Saraswati Puja, is celebrated across India to worship Goddess Saraswati—the goddess of knowledge, wisdom, and arts. In 2026, it was observed on 23 January.
वसंत पंचमी, जिसे सरस्वती पूजा भी कहा जाता है, पूरे भारत में विद्या, बुद्धि और कला की देवी माँ सरस्वती की उपासना के लिए मनाई जाती है। वर्ष 2026 में यह पर्व 23 जनवरी को मनाया गया।

Q. The first phase of the Census beginning April 1, 2026 focuses on which aspect?
1 अप्रैल 2026 से शुरू होने वाली जनगणना का पहला चरण किस पर केंद्रित है?

A. Population enumeration / जनसंख्या गणना
B. Houselisting and housing enumeration / गृह सूचीकरण एवं आवास गणना
C. Employment survey / रोजगार सर्वेक्षण
D. Agricultural census / कृषि जनगणना

Show Answer
✅ Answer / उत्तर: B) Houselisting and housing enumeration
The Government of India has notified 33 questions for the first phase of Census 2026. This phase will collect data on households, housing conditions, and basic amenities.
भारत सरकार ने जनगणना 2026 के पहले चरण के लिए 33 प्रश्न अधिसूचित किए हैं। यह चरण घरों, आवासीय सुविधाओं और जीवन स्तर से संबंधित जानकारी एकत्र करेगा।

Government Notifies Questions for First Phase of Census Starting April 1

The Government of India has officially notified 33 questions to be asked during the first phase of the upcoming Census, beginning April 1, 2026. This phase, known as houselisting and housing enumeration, will collect detailed information about households, amenities, and living conditions.

🏠 First Phase of Census: Houselisting and Housing Enumeration

The Census is conducted in two phases, and the first phase focuses on housing-related data. Enumerators will visit households to record details that help the government plan infrastructure, welfare schemes, and resource allocation.

Key Areas Covered in the 33 Questions

  • Housing Conditions: Type of flooring, roofing, and materials used in construction.
  • Ownership Status: Whether the house is owned, rented, or otherwise occupied.
  • Household Composition: Number of members, number of married couples, and sex of the household head.
  • Basic Amenities: Availability of drinking water, electricity, bathing facilities, and sanitation.
  • Modern Facilities: Access to internet, type of mobile phones used, and digital connectivity.
  • Food Consumption: Main cereal consumed by the household.
  • Assets: Vehicles owned and other household assets.

Basant Panchami and Saraswati Puja (23 Jan 2026)

Basant Panchami, also known as Saraswati Puja, is a vibrant festival was celebrated across India to mark the arrival of spring and to worship Goddess Saraswati, the deity of wisdom, learning, and arts on 23 January 2026. It usually falls in the month of Magha (January–February) according to the Hindu calendar.

🌸 Significance of Basant Panchami

  • Seasonal Importance: Basant Panchami heralds the onset of spring (Basant means spring), symbolizing renewal, prosperity, and joy.
  • Spiritual Importance: The day is dedicated to Goddess Saraswati, who embodies knowledge, music, art, and culture.
  • Cultural Importance: It is considered an auspicious day to begin new ventures, educational pursuits, or artistic endeavors.

🙏 Saraswati Puja Traditions

  • Worship of Goddess Saraswati: Devotees place books, musical instruments, and tools of learning near the idol or image of the goddess, seeking blessings for wisdom and creativity.
  • Yellow Color: Yellow is the dominant color of the festival, symbolizing energy, prosperity, and optimism. People wear yellow clothes, prepare yellow dishes like khichdi and sweet saffron rice.
  • Educational Institutions: Schools and colleges organize Saraswati Puja, encouraging students to participate in prayers and cultural programs.
  • Offerings: Flowers, fruits, and sweets are offered to the goddess, and devotees refrain from touching books or pens until the puja is completed, as a mark of respect.

Parakram Diwas: Honoring Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose

Parakram Diwas is celebrated every year on 23rd January to honor Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose’s unmatched courage, leadership, and contribution to India’s freedom struggle. Instituted by the Government of India in 2021, the day is observed as a tribute to his indomitable spirit and patriotism.

🌟 Meaning and Significance

  • Parakram Diwas (Day of Valour) commemorates the birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, one of India’s most revered freedom fighters.
  • The word Parakram translates to valor or courage, symbolizing Bose’s fearless pursuit of independence.
  • It is not just a remembrance but a national call to inspire citizens, especially the youth, to emulate his bravery and dedication.

📜 Historical Context

  • Netaji was born on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack, Odisha.
  • He founded the Indian National Army (INA), also known as Azad Hind Fauj, and established the Azad Hind Government in exile.
  • His leadership challenged colonial rule and gave Indians a sense of empowerment and unity against British domination.

Current Affairs MCQs : 22 January 2026

Q. In January 2026, the Union Government has extended the Atal Pension Yojana (APY) up to which financial year?
January 2026 में केंद्र सरकार ने अटल पेंशन योजना (APY) को किस वित्तीय वर्ष तक बढ़ाया है?

A) 2027–28
B) 2028–29
C) 2029–30
D) 2030–31

Show Answer
Correct Answer / सही उत्तर: D) 2030–31

Explanation (English):
On 21 January 2026, the Union Government approved the continuation of the Atal Pension Yojana (APY) till 2030–31. The decision also included equity support of ₹5,000 crore to SIDBI to boost MSMEs.

व्याख्या (Hindi):
21 जनवरी 2026 को केंद्र सरकार ने अटल पेंशन योजना (APY) को 2030–31 तक जारी रखने की मंजूरी दी। इसके साथ ही SIDBI को ₹5,000 करोड़ की इक्विटी सहायता देने का निर्णय भी लिया गया।

Q. What was the former name of Amrit Udyan located at Rashtrapati Bhavan?
राष्ट्रपति भवन स्थित अमृत उद्यान का पूर्व नाम क्या था?

A) Raj Bhavan Garden
B) Central Vista Garden
C) Mughal Gardens
D) President’s Green Estate

Show Answer
Correct Answer / सही उत्तर: C) Mughal Gardens

Explanation (English):
Amrit Udyan, earlier known as Mughal Gardens, is located at Rashtrapati Bhavan. It will be open to the public from 3 February to 31 March 2026 during the annual Udyan Utsav.

व्याख्या (Hindi):
अमृत उद्यान, जिसे पहले मुगल गार्डन कहा जाता था, राष्ट्रपति भवन में स्थित है। यह उद्यान उत्सव के तहत 3 फरवरी से 31 मार्च 2026 तक आम जनता के लिए खुला रहेगा।

Amrit Udyan to Open for Public from 3 Feb to 31 March 2026

The Amrit Udyan at Rashtrapati Bhavan will open to the public from 3 February to 31 March 2026 as part of the annual Udyan Utsav. Visitors can enter six days a week between 10:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. (last entry at 5:15 p.m.). The garden will remain closed on Mondays for maintenance and on 4 March for Holi. Entry is free, with online booking available via the official portal or through kiosks at Gate 35, and shuttle services will operate from Central Secretariat Metro Station.

Spread over 15 acres, Amrit Udyan is known for its tulips, roses, and seasonal flowers, including 100+ varieties of roses and tulips. New attractions for 2026 include Babbling Brook and Bal Vatika. Formerly called Mughal Gardens, the site showcases India’s horticultural heritage, attracting nature lovers, families, and photographers.

Atal Pension Yojana Extended till 2030-31 & Equity Support to SIDBI

The Union Government on 21 January 2026 approved the continuation of the Atal Pension Yojana (APY) till 2030–31 and equity support of ₹5,000 crore to the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI).

Atal Pension Yojana (APY) – Extension

  • Approved till: 2030–31
  • Objective: Old-age income security for workers in the unorganised sector
  • Launched: May 2015
  • Benefits: Guaranteed pension of ₹1,000 – ₹5,000 per month after 60 years, depending on contribution
  • Subscribers enrolled: 8.66 crore+
  • Significance: Major component of India’s inclusive social security framework

Equity Support to SIDBI

  • Body involved: Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)
  • Total equity support approved: ₹5,000 crore
  • Purpose: To expand financial support to MSMEs
  • Expected beneficiaries: 25.74 lakh new MSME units
  • Growth projection:
    • MSMEs receiving financial assistance to rise from 76 lakh (FY 2025)
    • To 1 crore+ (FY 2028)
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