Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei killed in joint U.S.–Israel military operation

On March 1, 2026, Iranian state media confirmed that Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei was killed in a carried out on February 28, 2026. The strikes targeted his compound in central Tehran and other strategic locations across Iran.

The operation—called “Roaring Lion” by Israel and “Operation Epic Fury” by the U.S.—involved precision aerial bombardment. Along with Khamenei, several senior Iranian officials, including the IRGC chief and the Defence Minister, and members of his family were reportedly killed. After initial denials, Iran officially declared his death as “martyrdom” and announced 40 days of national mourning.

Global reactions were sharply divided. The U.S. and Israel publicly defended the strike as a justified blow against Iran’s leadership, while protests and mourning were reported among Shia communities in parts of India, including Lucknow, Kashmir, and Kargil.

Regionally, the situation escalated rapidly. Iran launched retaliatory missile and drone attacks on Israeli and U.S. targets across the Middle East. Global oil markets surged amid fears of disruption in the Strait of Hormuz. Politically, Iran formed an interim leadership council to govern until a new Supreme Leader is chosen by the Assembly of Experts.

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Current Affairs MCQs : 28 february 2026

Q. During Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s state visit to Israel in February 2026, India and Israel elevated their bilateral relationship to which of the following?
फरवरी 2026 में प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी की इज़राइल यात्रा के दौरान भारत और इज़राइल ने अपने द्विपक्षीय संबंधों को किस स्तर तक उन्नत किया?

A. Comprehensive Economic Partnership/व्यापक आर्थिक साझेदारी
B. Strategic Defense Alliance/रणनीतिक रक्षा गठबंधन
C. Special Strategic Partnership/विशेष रणनीतिक साझेदारी
D. Global Innovation Partnership/वैश्विक नवाचार साझेदारी

Show Answer
Answer / उत्तर: C. Special Strategic Partnership (विशेष रणनीतिक साझेदारी)

Explanation (English):
During Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Israel (25–26 February 2026), both countries elevated their ties to a Special Strategic Partnership and signed 16 MoUs in areas like defense, technology, agriculture, and innovation.

व्याख्या (Hindi):
25–26 फरवरी 2026 को प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी की इज़राइल यात्रा के दौरान दोनों देशों ने अपने संबंधों को विशेष रणनीतिक साझेदारी के स्तर तक बढ़ाया और रक्षा, प्रौद्योगिकी, कृषि एवं नवाचार सहित 16 समझौतों पर हस्ताक्षर किए।


Q. Which historical issue has been a long-standing source of tension between Pakistan and Afghanistan?
कौन-सा ऐतिहासिक मुद्दा पाकिस्तान और अफगानिस्तान के बीच लंबे समय से तनाव का कारण रहा है?

A. Kashmir dispute/कश्मीर विवाद
B. Durand Line border dispute/ड्यूरंड रेखा सीमा विवाद
C. Water-sharing agreement/जल-वितरण समझौता
D. Pashtunistan movement/पश्तूनिस्तान आंदोलन

Show Answer
Correct Answer / सही उत्तर: B. Durand Line border dispute (ड्यूरंड रेखा सीमा विवाद)

Explanation (English):
The Durand Line was drawn in 1893 by British India. Afghanistan has never formally recognized it as an international border, making it a continuous source of tension with Pakistan.

व्याख्या (Hindi):
ड्यूरंड रेखा 1893 में ब्रिटिश भारत द्वारा निर्धारित की गई थी। अफगानिस्तान ने इसे कभी औपचारिक रूप से अंतरराष्ट्रीय सीमा के रूप में स्वीकार नहीं किया, जिससे यह पाकिस्तान के साथ लगातार तनाव का कारण बना हुआ है।


Q. Why is National Science Day celebrated in India on 28 February every year?
भारत में 28 फरवरी को हर वर्ष राष्ट्रीय विज्ञान दिवस क्यों मनाया जाता है?

A. To mark India’s independence in scientific research/वैज्ञानिक अनुसंधान में भारत की स्वतंत्रता के उपलक्ष्य में
B. To commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect by C.V. Raman/सी. वी. रमन द्वारा रमन प्रभाव की खोज की स्मृति में
C. To celebrate India’s first satellite launch/ भारत के पहले उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण का उत्सव मनाने हेतु
D. To honor the contributions of Homi J. Bhabha/होमी जे. भाभा के योगदान को सम्मानित करने हेतु

Show Answer
Answer / उत्तर: B. To commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect by C.V. Raman
(सी. वी. रमन द्वारा रमन प्रभाव की खोज की स्मृति में)

Explanation (English):
The Government of India declared 28 February as National Science Day in 1986 to honor the discovery of the Raman Effect by C. V. Raman in 1928. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for this discovery.

व्याख्या (Hindi):
भारत सरकार ने 1986 में 28 फरवरी को राष्ट्रीय विज्ञान दिवस घोषित किया ताकि 1928 में सी. वी. रमन द्वारा की गई रमन प्रभाव की खोज का सम्मान किया जा सके। इस खोज के लिए उन्हें 1930 में भौतिकी का नोबेल पुरस्कार मिला।

National Science Day : 28 February

National Science Day is celebrated in India every year on 28 February to commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect by Nobel laureate C.V. Raman in 1928. This day highlights India’s scientific heritage, promotes awareness, and inspires innovation across the country.


Historical Background

  • Discovery of Raman Effect (1928): C.V. Raman discovered how light scatters when it passes through a transparent material, a phenomenon later named the Raman Effect.
  • Nobel Prize (1930): Raman became the first Indian scientist to win the Nobel Prize in Physics for this groundbreaking work.
  • Institutional Recognition: In 1986, the Government of India designated 28 February as National Science Day to honor this achievement.

Significance

  • Promotes scientific temper and awareness among citizens.
  • Encourages youth participation in science and technology.
  • Recognizes India’s contributions to global scientific progress.
  • Provides a platform for educational institutions to organize exhibitions, debates, and lectures.

Theme for 2026

The theme for National Science Day 2026 is:
“Women in Science: Catalysing Viksit Bharat”

  • Focuses on the role of women in driving innovation.
  • Aims to inspire young minds, especially girls, to pursue careers in STEM.
  • Connects science with India’s vision of becoming a developed nation (Viksit Bharat).

India’s Scientific Achievements Highlighted in 2026

  • Advances in space exploration (ISRO missions).
  • Growth in artificial intelligence and quantum computing.
  • Youth-led science initiatives across schools and universities.

Pakistan–Afghanistan Relations Escalate into Open War (2026)

The Pakistan–Afghanistan relationship has historically been tense, shaped by border disputes, militant activity, and shifting alliances. In 2026, these tensions escalated into what is now being described as an “open war” between the two neighbors.

Historical Background

  • Durand Line Dispute: The border drawn in 1893 by the British (Durand Line) has never been formally recognized by Afghanistan. This has been a persistent source of friction.
  • Taliban Factor: Pakistan was once accused of supporting the Taliban during the U.S. war in Afghanistan. Now, the Taliban-led Afghan government is accused by Pakistan of harboring militants who attack Pakistani territory.
  • Cross-border Militancy: Groups like the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) have used Afghan soil to launch attacks, worsening relations.

Current Escalation (2026)

  • Pakistan’s Declaration of “Open War”: On February 28, 2026, Pakistan officially declared open war against Taliban-ruled Afghanistan after cross-border attacks intensified.
  • Airstrikes: Pakistan launched Operation Ghazab lil-Haq, striking Kabul and provinces like Nangarhar and Kandahar in retaliation for Afghan attacks on Pakistani border posts.
  • Afghan Retaliation: Afghanistan responded with artillery and rocket fire across the Durand Line, claiming to have inflicted heavy losses on Pakistani forces.
  • Civilian Impact: Reports show destruction of homes and civilian casualties in Afghan provinces following Pakistani airstrikes.
  • International Reactions:
    • The U.S. expressed support for Pakistan’s “right to defend itself.”
    • Iran offered to mediate between the two countries.
    • Former U.S. President Donald Trump commented that Pakistan was “doing terrifically well” in the conflict.

India and Israel Sign 16 MoUs to Strengthen Strategic Partnership

During Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s state visit to Israel on 25–26 February 2026, India and Israel elevated their ties to a Special Strategic Partnership and signed 16 Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) across diverse sectors. This marks a significant expansion of cooperation between the two nations.


Key Areas of Collaboration

SectorDetails of MoUs
Artificial Intelligence & CybersecurityJoint research, innovation hubs, and cybersecurity frameworks to protect digital infrastructure.
AgricultureTechnology transfer for water-efficient farming, precision agriculture, and desert farming techniques.
Fintech & Digital PaymentsUPI linkage pact enabling smoother cross-border transactions and financial cooperation.
Education & ResearchExchange programs, joint academic research, and scholarships to strengthen knowledge partnerships.
Defense & TechnologyAgreements on co-development and manufacturing of advanced weapons systems through technology transfer.
Trade & CommerceSteps toward finalizing a bilateral trade deal, enhancing market access and investment opportunities.
Maritime Heritage & InnovationCollaboration on maritime archaeology, heritage preservation, and innovation-driven projects.

Strategic Significance

  • Defense Cooperation: Joint development of weapons and technology transfer strengthens India’s defense modernization.
  • Economic Growth: The trade deal and fintech collaboration open new avenues for bilateral commerce.
  • Innovation Partnership: AI, cybersecurity, and education MoUs highlight a shared vision of technological leadership.
  • Agricultural Sustainability: Israel’s expertise in desert farming and water management will support India’s food security goals.

India and Israel’s latest agreements reflect a deepening partnership rooted in innovation, security, and shared prosperity. This builds on earlier milestones—Modi’s 2017 visit to Israel and Netanyahu’s 2018 visit to India—which laid the foundation for today’s expanded cooperation.

Current Affairs MCQs : 26 february 2026

Q. PM Narendra Modi became the first Indian Prime Minister to address which of the following during his state visit to Israel in February 2026?
फरवरी 2026 में इज़राइल की अपनी राजकीय यात्रा के दौरान प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी निम्नलिखित में से किसे संबोधित करने वाले पहले भारतीय प्रधानमंत्री बने?

A. Israeli Supreme Court / इज़राइली सुप्रीम कोर्ट
B. Yad Vashem / याद वाशेम
C. Knesset / कनेस्सेट
D. Tel Aviv University / तेल अवीव विश्वविद्यालय

Show Answer
Answer: C. Knesset / कनेस्सेट

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s state visit to Israel on 25–26 February 2026 marked a major step in strengthening the India–Israel Special Strategic Partnership. His historic address to the Knesset made him the first Indian Prime Minister to address the Israeli Parliament.

प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी की 25–26 फरवरी 2026 को इज़राइल की राजकीय यात्रा भारत–इज़राइल विशेष रणनीतिक साझेदारी को मजबूत करने की दिशा में एक महत्वपूर्ण कदम थी। कनेस्सेट (इज़राइली संसद) में उनका ऐतिहासिक संबोधन उन्हें ऐसा करने वाले पहले भारतीय प्रधानमंत्री बनाता है।


Q. The National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences (NBEMS) was recognised by Guinness World Records in February 2026 for:
नेशनल बोर्ड ऑफ एग्जामिनेशंस इन मेडिकल साइंसेज़ (NBEMS) को फरवरी 2026 में गिनीज वर्ल्ड रिकॉर्ड्स द्वारा किस उपलब्धि के लिए मान्यता दी गई?

A. Conducting the largest medical entrance examination
सबसे बड़ी मेडिकल प्रवेश परीक्षा आयोजित करने के लिए
B. Publishing the highest number of medical research papers
सर्वाधिक मेडिकल शोध पत्र प्रकाशित करने के लिए
C. Most viewers of an Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare lesson live stream on YouTube
यूट्यूब पर “आर्टिफिशियल इंटेलिजेंस इन हेल्थकेयर” पाठ के लाइव स्ट्रीम के सर्वाधिक दर्शकों के लिए
D. Launching India’s first AI-based hospital
भारत का पहला AI-आधारित अस्पताल शुरू करने के लिए

Show Answer
Answer: C. Most viewers of an Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare lesson live stream on YouTube

On 25 February 2026, the National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences (NBEMS), an autonomous body under the Union Health Ministry, achieved a historic milestone by being officially recognised by Guinness World Records for hosting the most-viewed “Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare” lesson live stream on YouTube.

25 फरवरी 2026 को, केंद्रीय स्वास्थ्य मंत्रालय के अधीन एक स्वायत्त निकाय NBEMS को “आर्टिफिशियल इंटेलिजेंस इन हेल्थकेयर” विषय पर यूट्यूब लाइव स्ट्रीम के सर्वाधिक दर्शकों के लिए गिनीज वर्ल्ड रिकॉर्ड्स द्वारा आधिकारिक मान्यता प्रदान की गई।

Q. What is the name of the India–US Joint Special Forces Exercise, whose 16th edition was conducted from 24 February to 16 March 2026 at the Special Forces Training School, Bakloh (Himachal Pradesh)?
भारत–अमेरिका संयुक्त विशेष बल अभ्यास का नाम क्या है, जिसका 16वाँ संस्करण 24 फरवरी से 16 मार्च 2026 तक स्पेशल फोर्सेज ट्रेनिंग स्कूल, बकलोह (हिमाचल प्रदेश) में आयोजित किया गया?

A. Yudh Abhyas / युद्ध अभ्यास
B. Malabar / मालाबार
C. Vajra Prahar / वज्र प्रहार
D. Tiger Triumph / टाइगर ट्रायम्फ

Show Answer
Answer: C. Vajra Prahar / वज्र प्रहार

The 16th edition of the India–US Joint Special Forces Exercise Vajra Prahar was conducted from 24 February to 16 March 2026 at the Special Forces Training School, Bakloh, Himachal Pradesh. The exercise aims to enhance interoperability, coordination, and joint operational capabilities between the special forces of India and the United States.

भारत–अमेरिका संयुक्त विशेष बल अभ्यास “वज्र प्रहार” का 16वाँ संस्करण 24 फरवरी से 16 मार्च 2026 तक हिमाचल प्रदेश के बकलोह स्थित स्पेशल फोर्सेज ट्रेनिंग स्कूल में आयोजित किया गया। इस अभ्यास का उद्देश्य भारत और अमेरिका की विशेष बलों के बीच समन्वय, आपसी कार्यक्षमता (interoperability) और संयुक्त अभियान क्षमता को मजबूत करना है।

India–US Joint Special Forces Exercise Vajra Prahar (16th Edition)

The 16th edition of the India–US Joint Special Forces Exercise “Vajra Prahar” held from 24 February to 16 March at the Special Forces Training School, Bakloh, Himachal Pradesh.

The bilateral exercise aims to enhance interoperability, cooperation, and joint operational capabilities between the Special Forces of India and the United States. The Indian Army will be represented by 45 Special Forces personnel, while the United States will field 12 soldiers from the Green Berets. The previous edition of the exercise was conducted in November 2024 at the Orchard Combat Training Centre, Idaho (USA).

The exercise focuses on the exchange of special operations tactics, techniques, and procedures, with training specifically designed for Special Forces operations in mountainous terrain. Key activities include intensive physical conditioning, joint mission planning, and tactical drills under simulated operational conditions.

Overall, Exercise Vajra Prahar is expected to strengthen professional camaraderie, mutual trust, and operational synergy, further reinforcing the growing defence partnership between India and the United States.

NBEMS Sets Guinness World Record in AI-Based Medical Education

On 25 February 2026, the National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences (NBEMS), an autonomous body under the Union Health Ministry, achieved a historic milestone by being officially recognised by Guinness World Records for hosting the most-viewed Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare lesson live stream on YouTube.

The record was achieved through a nationwide online training programme on AI in Healthcare, specially designed for registered medical practitioners across India. The initiative highlighted NBEMS’s effective use of digital platforms to deliver large-scale, technology-driven medical education.

NBEMS President Dr Abhijat Sheth described the recognition as a testament to India’s leadership in digital innovation in medical education. He reaffirmed NBEMS’s commitment to competency-based learning and to launching future initiatives aimed at improving the quality of healthcare delivery across the country.

PM Narendra Modi’s State Visit to Israel (25–26 February 2026)

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s state visit to Israel on 25–26 February 2026 marked a major step in strengthening the India–Israel Special Strategic Partnership, coming nine years after his historic 2017 visit. The trip took place amid a sensitive geopolitical situation in West Asia and focused on security, technology, and economic cooperation.

A key highlight was PM Modi’s historic address to the Knesset, making him the first Indian Prime Minister to do so. In his speech, he strongly condemned the October 7, 2023 terror attacks and reiterated India’s zero-tolerance policy against terrorism. He was later honored with the Speaker of the Knesset Medal, the highest parliamentary honor of Israel.

The visit gave major impetus to defence and high-technology collaboration, including discussions on integrating Israeli systems with India’s Sudarshan Chakra air defence shield and cooperation on the Iron Beam laser-based defence platform. Economically, both sides pushed forward negotiations on a proposed India–Israel Free Trade Agreement (FTA), with bilateral trade standing at USD 3.62 billion (FY 2024–25).

Several MoUs were exchanged, covering cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, investment, water management, and agriculture, including expansion of Centres of Excellence in India. On the regional front, discussions covered Israel’s proposed “Hexagon” alliance framework, India’s support for the Gaza Peace Initiative, and the strategic importance of the India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).

Current Affairs MCQs : 25 february 2026

Q. In February 2026, the Union Cabinet approved the proposal to rename the State of Kerala as:
प्रश्न: फरवरी 2026 में केंद्रीय मंत्रिमंडल ने किस नाम से केरल राज्य का नाम बदलने के प्रस्ताव को मंजूरी दी?

A. Keral
B. Keralam
C. Kerala Pradesh
D. Malabar

Show Answer
Answer: B. Keralam / केरलम

Explanation (English):
On 24 February 2026, the Union Cabinet approved the proposal to rename the State of Kerala as Keralam, restoring its original Malayalam name. The decision followed a unanimous resolution passed by the Kerala Legislative Assembly in June 2024.

व्याख्या (Hindi):
24 फरवरी 2026 को केंद्रीय मंत्रिमंडल ने Kerala राज्य का नाम बदलकर केरलम (Keralam) करने के प्रस्ताव को मंजूरी दी। यह निर्णय जून 2024 में Kerala Legislative Assembly द्वारा पारित सर्वसम्मत प्रस्ताव के बाद लिया गया।

Q. The 7th edition of the Joint Military Exercise “DHARMA GUARDIAN”, from 24 February 2026 to 9 March 2026, is held between India and which country?
प्रश्न: संयुक्त सैन्य अभ्यास “धर्म गार्जियन” का 7वाँ संस्करण (24 फरवरी 2026 से 9 मार्च 2026) भारत और किस देश के बीच आयोजित किया जा रहा है?

A. Australia / ऑस्ट्रेलिया
B. United States / संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका
C. Japan / जापान
D. France / फ्रांस

Show Answer
Answer: C. Japan / जापान

Explanation (English):
The 7th edition of the India–Japan Joint Military Exercise DHARMA GUARDIAN commenced on 24 February 2026 at the Foreign Training Node, Chaubattia, Uttarakhand. The exercise is conducted between the armies of India and Japan and will continue until 9 March 2026. It aims to enhance interoperability and strengthen defence cooperation between the two nations.

व्याख्या (Hindi):
भारत–जापान संयुक्त सैन्य अभ्यास धर्म गार्जियन का 7वाँ संस्करण 24 फरवरी 2026 को उत्तराखंड के चौबटिया स्थित फॉरेन ट्रेनिंग नोड में शुरू हुआ। यह अभ्यास India और Japan की सेनाओं के बीच आयोजित किया जा रहा है और 9 मार्च 2026 तक चलेगा। इसका उद्देश्य दोनों देशों के बीच सैन्य सहयोग और समन्वय को मजबूत करना है।

7th Edition of Joint Military Exercise DHARMA GUARDIAN

The 7th edition of the annual India–Japan Joint Military Exercise DHARMA GUARDIAN commenced on 24 February 2026 at the Foreign Training Node, Chaubattia, Uttarakhand. The exercise will continue until 9 March 2026, marking another milestone in the growing defence partnership between the two nations.

Key Highlights

  • Participants:
    • Indian Army: Ladakh Scouts regiment.
    • Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF): 32nd Infantry Regiment.
    • Each side has contributed a 120-member contingent.
  • Objectives:
    • Enhance interoperability between the two forces.
    • Strengthen military collaboration for joint operations in semi-urban and urban environments.
    • Focus on counter-terrorism drills, urban warfare tactics, ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance) grid development, heliborne missions, and cordon-and-search operations.
  • Significance:
    • Conducted alternately in India and Japan, DHARMA GUARDIAN is a pillar of defence cooperation.
    • Reinforces the special strategic and global partnership between India and Japan.
    • Contributes to peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

Union Cabinet Clears Proposal to Rename Kerala as Keralam

The Union Cabinet on 24 February 2026 approved the proposal to rename the State of Kerala as Keralam, restoring its original Malayalam name. The move follows a unanimous resolution passed by the Kerala Legislative Assembly in June 2024, seeking to align the state’s official name with its linguistic and cultural identity. Under Article 3 of the Constitution, the Kerala (Alteration of Name) Bill, 2026 will be referred to the state assembly before being introduced in Parliament.

The renaming is aimed at ensuring linguistic authenticity, acknowledging the historical usage of “Keralam” in inscriptions and literature, and strengthening the state’s cultural identity. The proposal enjoys cross-party political support and long-standing public backing, though its timing ahead of the 2026 state elections adds political relevance.

Once approved by Parliament, the change will require administrative updates to official records and documents. Symbolically, it reflects India’s broader effort to restore indigenous place names and preserve cultural heritage.

Current Affairs MCQs : 24 february 2026

Q. Which Manipuri film won the BAFTA Award for Best Children’s & Family Film in 2026?
2026 में BAFTA अवॉर्ड (Best Children’s & Family Film) किस मणिपुरी फिल्म ने जीता?

A. Arco
B. Zootropolis 2
C. Boong
D. Lilo and Stitch

Show Answer
Answer: C. Boong

The Manipuri film Boong, produced by Farhan Akhtar’s Excel Entertainment, won the BAFTA Award for Best Children’s & Family Film in London on 22 February 2026. It was directed by debutant Lakshmipriya Devi.

मणिपुरी फिल्म Boong, जिसे Farhan Akhtar की Excel Entertainment ने प्रोड्यूस किया, ने 22 फरवरी 2026 को लंदन में BAFTA अवॉर्ड (Best Children’s & Family Film) जीता। इसका निर्देशन लक्ष्मीप्रिया देवी ने किया।


Q. Which film dominated the 79th British Academy Film Awards (BAFTAs) in 2026 by winning six awards including Best Film?
2026 में 79वें British Academy Film Awards (BAFTAs) में किस फिल्म ने Best Film सहित छह पुरस्कार जीतकर दबदबा बनाया?

A. Hamnet
B. Sinners
C. Frankenstein
D. One Battle After Another

Show Answer
Answer: D. One Battle After Another

At the 79th British Academy Film Awards (BAFTAs), the action thriller One Battle After Another dominated the ceremony, winning six awards including Best Film. Paul Thomas Anderson won Best Director and also received awards for Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Cinematography, dedicating his award to late producer and assistant director Brit Adam Somner.

79वें British Academy Film Awards (BAFTAs) में एक्शन थ्रिलर One Battle After Another ने छह पुरस्कार जीतकर समारोह में दबदबा बनाया। Paul Thomas Anderson ने Best Director सहित कई पुरस्कार जीते और अपना सम्मान दिवंगत निर्माता एवं सहायक निर्देशक ब्रिट एडम सोम्नर को समर्पित किया।


Q. Which of the following is a key objective of India’s PRAHAAR Counter-Terrorism Strategy (2026)?
भारत की PRAHAAR Counter-Terrorism Strategy (2026) का प्रमुख उद्देश्य क्या है?

A. Linking terrorism with religious ideology
B. Legalising selective militant movements
C. Denying terrorists access to funds, weapons and safe havens
D. Reducing international cooperation

Show Answer
Answer: C. Denying terrorists access to funds, weapons and safe havens

On 23 February 2026, the Ministry of Home Affairs unveiled India’s new national counter-terrorism policy titled PRAHAAR. The strategy provides a comprehensive and proactive framework to prevent, deter, and respond to evolving terrorist threats while upholding human rights and the rule of law.

23 फरवरी 2026 को Ministry of Home Affairs ने भारत की नई राष्ट्रीय आतंकवाद-रोधी नीति PRAHAAR जारी की। इसका मुख्य उद्देश्य आतंकियों को धन, हथियार और सुरक्षित ठिकानों तक पहुँच से वंचित करना है, साथ ही मानवाधिकारों और कानून के शासन को बनाए रखना है।

PRAHAAR Counter-Terrorism Strategy 2026: India’s New National Policy

On 23 February 2026, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) unveiled India’s new national counter-terrorism policy and strategy, titled PRAHAAR. The policy provides a comprehensive and proactive framework to prevent, deter and respond to evolving terrorist threats, while firmly upholding human rights and the rule of law.

PRAHAAR is an acronym that represents a multi-dimensional approach:

  • P – Prevention of terror attacks to protect Indian citizens and interests
  • R – Swift and proportionate Responses to threats
  • A – Aggregating internal capacities through a whole-of-government approach
  • H – Human rights and Rule of Law-based processes
  • A – Attenuating conditions enabling terrorism, including radicalisation
  • A – Aligning international efforts to counter terrorism
  • R – Recovery and resilience through a whole-of-society approach

The Ministry reiterated India’s zero-tolerance policy against terrorism and stressed that there can be no justification for violence under any circumstances. The strategy aims to criminalise all terrorist acts and deny terrorists, their financiers and supporters access to funds, weapons and safe havens.

India will continue to work with the international community to counter terrorism, including addressing the misuse of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for terror activities. The policy also highlights investments in advanced technology and private sector partnerships to tackle future threats. Importantly, PRAHAAR rejects any attempt to link terrorism with religion, ethnicity, nationality or civilisation, while emphasising support for victims of terrorism.

BAFTA Awards 2026: Manipuri Film Boong Wins Best Children’s & Family Film

The Manipuri film Boong, produced by Farhan Akhtar’s Excel Entertainment, won the BAFTA Award for Best Children’s & Family Film in London on 22 February 2026. Directed by debutant Lakshmipriya Devi, the film stood out among international contenders including Lilo and Stitch, Arco and Zootropolis 2. In her acceptance speech, Devi made an emotional appeal for peace. She received the award from Paddington Bear, the lead character of Paddington The Musical, and was joined on stage by producers Farhan Akhtar, Ritesh Sidhwani, and assistant director Rahul Sharda. The film stars Gugun Kipgen and Bala Hijam.

At the 79th British Academy Film Awards (BAFTAs), the action thriller One Battle After Another dominated the ceremony, winning six awards, including Best Film. Paul Thomas Anderson won Best Director, along with awards for Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Cinematography, dedicating his directing honour to late producer and assistant director Brit Adam Somner. The film also earned Supporting Actor for Sean Penn and entered the Oscars as a strong contender with 14 BAFTA and 13 Oscar nominations.

The vampire saga Sinners and gothic horror Frankenstein won three awards each. Ryan Coogler received Best Original Screenplay for Sinners, while Wunmi Mosaku won Supporting Actress. Jessie Buckley was named Best Actress for Hamnet, which also won Best British Film, and Robert Aramayo claimed Best Actor for I Swear.

The star-studded ceremony, held at London’s Royal Festival Hall, was attended by leading Hollywood and British stars, including Prince William and Catherine, Princess of Wales. Bollywood star Alia Bhatt appeared as a celebrity guest presenter, awarding Best Film Not in the English Language to the Nordic drama Sentimental Value.

Book Release: Atal Bihari Vajpayee – The Eternal Statesman

On February 21, 2026, Vice-President C.P. Radhakrishnan released the coffee table book Atal Bihari Vajpayee: The Eternal Statesman at the Dr. Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi. The book has been authored by Vijay Goel, senior BJP leader and former Union minister.


Key Highlights of the Event

  • Dignitaries Present: Governors of Bihar, Rajasthan, and Haryana, along with senior BJP leader Murli Manohar Joshi, and Union ministers including Ashwini Vaishnaw and Kiren Rijiju.
  • Vice-President’s Remarks: He described the release as both an honour and an emotional moment, calling Vajpayee “one of India’s tallest leaders”. He emphasized that the book is not just a collection of photographs but a celebration of Vajpayee’s life, poetry, oratory, and statesmanship.
  • Author’s Perspective: Vijay Goel highlighted his decades-long association with Vajpayee, sharing rare photographs and personal recollections that trace Vajpayee’s journey from a poet and parliamentarian to a Prime Minister who shaped India’s destiny.
  • Themes Covered:
    • Vajpayee’s role in Pokhran nuclear tests
    • His push for infrastructure development
    • His vision of democracy, unity, and inclusivity
    • His legacy as a poet-prime minister whose words inspired generations

Significance of the Book

  • Serves as a visual and narrative tribute to Bharat Ratna Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
  • Offers insights into his personal and political journey, blending rare photographs with anecdotes.
  • Reinforces Vajpayee’s image as a statesman, visionary, and unifying leader whose ideals continue to guide India.

Current Affairs MCQs : 23 february 2026

Q. India’s first Namo Bharat Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS), which was flagged off by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in February 2026, connects which of the following cities?
भारत की पहली नमो भारत रीजनल रैपिड ट्रांजिट सिस्टम (RRTS), जिसे फरवरी 2026 में प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने हरी झंडी दिखाई, निम्नलिखित में से किन शहरों को जोड़ती है?

A. Delhi – Panipat / दिल्ली – पानीपत
B. Delhi – Meerut / दिल्ली – मेरठ
C. Delhi – Alwar / दिल्ली – अलवर
D. Delhi – Sonipat / दिल्ली – सोनीपत

Show Answer
Correct Answer: B. Delhi – Meerut / दिल्ली – मेरठ

Explanation (English):
Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated India’s first Namo Bharat Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) corridor on 22 February 2026. The corridor connects Delhi and Meerut, significantly reducing travel time and improving high-speed regional connectivity under the Namo Bharat project.

व्याख्या (Hindi):
प्रधानमंत्री Narendra Modi ने 22 फरवरी 2026 को भारत की पहली नमो भारत RRTS कॉरिडोर का उद्घाटन किया। यह कॉरिडोर Delhi और Meerut को जोड़ता है, जिससे यात्रा समय कम हुआ है और क्षेत्रीय कनेक्टिविटी में तेजी आई है।

Q. Who is the author of the book Atal Bihari Vajpayee: The Eternal Statesman released in February 2026?
प्रश्न: फरवरी 2026 में जारी की गई पुस्तक “Atal Bihari Vajpayee: The Eternal Statesman” के लेखक कौन हैं?

A) Murli Manohar Joshi / मुरली मनोहर जोशी
B) Vijay Goel / विजय गोयल
C) Arun Jaitley / अरुण जेटली
D) C.P. Radhakrishnan / सी.पी. राधाकृष्णन


Show Answer

Answer: B) Vijay Goel / विजय गोयल

Explanation (English):
The coffee table book Atal Bihari Vajpayee: The Eternal Statesman has been authored by Vijay Goel, a senior BJP leader and former Union Minister. It was released on February 21, 2026, by Vice-President C. P. Radhakrishnan at the Dr. Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi. The book highlights the life, leadership, and contributions of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

व्याख्या (Hindi):
कॉफी टेबल पुस्तक Atal Bihari Vajpayee: The Eternal Statesman के लेखक Vijay Goel हैं, जो एक वरिष्ठ भाजपा नेता और पूर्व केंद्रीय मंत्री हैं। यह पुस्तक 21 फरवरी 2026 को भारत के उपराष्ट्रपति C. P. Radhakrishnan द्वारा नई दिल्ली स्थित Dr. Ambedkar International Centre में जारी की गई। यह पुस्तक पूर्व प्रधानमंत्री Atal Bihari Vajpayee के जीवन, नेतृत्व और योगदान पर प्रकाश डालती है।

PM Modi Flags Off India’s First Namo Bharat RRTS

Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated India’s first Namo Bharat Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) on February 22, 2026, dedicating the Delhi–Meerut Namo Bharat Corridor to the nation. The launch took place at Shatabdi Nagar Namo Bharat Station in Meerut, where he also flagged off the Meerut Metro services.


Key Highlights

  • Corridor Length: 82 km, connecting Delhi to Meerut.
  • Stations: 16 stations including Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Modinagar, and Meerut.
  • Speed: Designed for 180 km/h, making it India’s fastest metro and RRTS.
  • Travel Time: Reduces Delhi–Meerut journey to less than 1 hour.
  • Cost: Developed at an estimated ₹30,000 crore.
  • Development Boost: PM Modi also inaugurated projects worth ₹12,930 crore in Meerut.

Significance

  • Urban Connectivity: Seamless travel between Delhi NCR and Meerut, easing congestion and improving daily commutes.
  • Economic Impact: Expected to boost trade, education, and employment opportunities in the region.
  • Sustainability: Promotes eco-friendly, high-speed public transport, reducing reliance on private vehicles.
  • Symbol of Modernization: Marks a new era of world-class infrastructure in India, aligning with the vision of a “Developed Bharat.”

Current Affairs MCQs : 21 february 2026

Q. World Day of Social Justice is observed on which date?
विश्व सामाजिक न्याय दिवस किस तिथि को मनाया जाता है?

A. 10 December
B. 15 January
C. 20 February
D. 1 May

Show Answer
Correct Answer: C. 20 February

Explanation (English):
World Day of Social Justice is observed every year on 20 February to promote equality, fairness, and dignity for all people. The day was proclaimed by the United Nations to raise awareness about social issues such as poverty, unemployment, social exclusion, gender inequality, and lack of access to education and justice.

व्याख्या (हिंदी):
विश्व सामाजिक न्याय दिवस प्रत्येक वर्ष 20 फरवरी को मनाया जाता है। इस दिवस की घोषणा संयुक्त राष्ट्र द्वारा की गई थी। इसका उद्देश्य समानता, न्याय और गरिमा को बढ़ावा देना तथा गरीबी, बेरोजगारी, सामाजिक बहिष्कार, लैंगिक असमानता और शिक्षा व न्याय तक पहुंच की कमी जैसी समस्याओं के प्रति जागरूकता बढ़ाना है।


Q. From which date has the Government proposed to discontinue cash payments at all National Highway toll plazas?
सरकार ने सभी राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग टोल प्लाज़ा पर नकद भुगतान कब से बंद करने का प्रस्ताव दिया है?

A. 1 January 2026
B. 1 April 2026
C. 1 July 2026
D. 31 March 2027

Show Answer
Correct Answer: B. 1 April 2026

Explanation (English):
The Government has proposed to discontinue cash payments at all National Highway toll plazas from 1 April 2026, shifting towards a fully digital toll collection system. According to the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), toll charges will be collected only through digital modes such as FASTag and UPI to ensure faster, transparent, and hassle-free transactions.

व्याख्या (हिंदी):
सरकार ने 1 अप्रैल 2026 से सभी राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग टोल प्लाज़ा पर नकद भुगतान बंद करने का प्रस्ताव रखा है। भारतीय राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग प्राधिकरण (NHAI) के अनुसार, टोल शुल्क केवल डिजिटल माध्यम जैसे FASTag और UPI के जरिए लिया जाएगा, जिससे तेज, पारदर्शी और सुविधाजनक भुगतान सुनिश्चित हो सके।

Cashless Toll Collection from April 2026: NHAI to End Cash Payments at National Highway Toll Plazas from April 2026

The Government has proposed to end cash payments at all National Highway toll plazas from 1 April 2026, moving towards a fully digital tolling system. As per the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), toll charges will be collected only through digital modes such as FASTag and UPI.

This initiative aims to improve operational efficiency, increase lane throughput, reduce traffic congestion, and ensure greater transparency and uniformity in toll collection. The transition is expected to enhance traffic management and commuter convenience at over 1,150 toll plazas across National Highways and Expressways, leading to a smoother and faster travel experience.

World Day of Social Justice : 20 February

World Day of Social Justice is observed every year on 20 February to promote equality, fairness, and dignity for all. The day highlights the need to address issues like poverty, unemployment, social exclusion, gender inequality, and lack of access to education and justice.

The United Nations emphasizes social justice as a foundation for peace, sustainable development, and human rights. Governments, organizations, and civil society use this day to raise awareness and encourage policies that ensure equal opportunities and inclusive growth.

By promoting social justice, societies can create a world where no one is left behind and everyone gets a fair chance to live with respect and opportunity.

Current Affairs MCQs : 20 february 2026

Q. What is the primary function of the drogue parachute in the Gaganyaan mission?
गगनयान मिशन में ड्रोग पैराशूट का मुख्य कार्य क्या है?

A. To provide thrust during launch /लॉन्च के दौरान थ्रस्ट प्रदान करना
B. To stabilize and decelerate the crew module before main parachute deployment/ मुख्य पैराशूट के खुलने से पहले क्रू मॉड्यूल को स्थिर और धीमा करना
C. To assist in orbital maneuvering/ कक्षीय संचालन में सहायता करना
D. To protect astronauts from radiation during re-entry/ पुनः प्रवेश के दौरान अंतरिक्ष यात्रियों को विकिरण से बचाना

Show Answer
Answer / उत्तर: B. To stabilize and decelerate the crew module before main parachute deployment
मुख्य पैराशूट के खुलने से पहले क्रू मॉड्यूल को स्थिर और धीमा करना

Explanation / व्याख्या:
The drogue parachute is a smaller parachute deployed first during re-entry in the Gaganyaan mission. It slows down and stabilizes the crew module, creating suitable conditions for the safe deployment of the larger main parachutes.
ड्रोग पैराशूट एक छोटा पैराशूट होता है जो Gaganyaan मिशन के पुनः प्रवेश के दौरान सबसे पहले खोला जाता है। यह क्रू मॉड्यूल की गति कम करता है और उसे स्थिर बनाता है, जिससे मुख्य पैराशूट सुरक्षित रूप से खुल सकें।


Q. What was the central focus of the Leaders’ Declaration adopted at the India AI Impact Summit 2026?
इंडिया एआई इम्पैक्ट समिट 2026 में अपनाए गए लीडर्स’ डिक्लेरेशन का मुख्य फोकस क्या था?

A. Expanding military applications of AI / एआई के सैन्य उपयोगों का विस्तार
B. Promoting responsible and ethical AI development with global cooperation / वैश्विक सहयोग के साथ जिम्मेदार और नैतिक एआई विकास को बढ़ावा देना
C. Restricting AI research to developed nations / एआई अनुसंधान को विकसित देशों तक सीमित करना
D. Establishing AI solely for industrial automation / एआई को केवल औद्योगिक स्वचालन तक सीमित करना

Show Answer
Answer / उत्तर: B. Promoting responsible and ethical AI development with global cooperation
वैश्विक सहयोग के साथ जिम्मेदार और नैतिक एआई विकास को बढ़ावा देना

Explanation / व्याख्या:
The India AI Impact Summit 2026, hosted at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi, adopted the Leaders’ Declaration on February 20, 2026. The declaration emphasized global AI governance, responsible innovation, ethical standards, and inclusive international collaboration.
India AI Impact Summit 2026, जो Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi में आयोजित हुआ, में 20 फरवरी 2026 को लीडर्स’ डिक्लेरेशन अपनाया गया। इस घोषणा में वैश्विक एआई शासन, जिम्मेदार नवाचार, नैतिक मानकों और समावेशी अंतरराष्ट्रीय सहयोग पर जोर दिया गया।


Q. Who authored the book The Sage who Reimagined Hinduism: The Life, Lessons and Legacy of Sree Narayana Guru?
पुस्तक The Sage who Reimagined Hinduism: The Life, Lessons and Legacy of Sree Narayana Guru के लेखक कौन हैं?

A. C.P. Radhakrishnan
B. Dr. Shashi Tharoor
C. Dr. K. Radhakrishnan
D. Swami Vivekananda

Show Answer

Answer / उत्तर: B. Dr. Shashi Tharoor
डॉ. शशि थरूर

Explanation / व्याख्या:
The book was authored by Member of Parliament Shashi Tharoor. It was formally released by Vice President C. P. Radhakrishnan at the India International Centre on February 19, 2026. The book highlights the life, teachings, and legacy of social reformer Sree Narayana Guru.
यह पुस्तक सांसद Shashi Tharoor द्वारा लिखी गई है। इसका औपचारिक विमोचन उपराष्ट्रपति C. P. Radhakrishnan द्वारा India International Centre में 19 फरवरी 2026 को किया गया। यह पुस्तक समाज सुधारक Sree Narayana Guru के जीवन, शिक्षाओं और विरासत पर प्रकाश डालती है।

Book Release – The Sage who Reimagined Hinduism by Dr. Shashi Tharoor

Vice President C.P. Radhakrishnan formally released the latest book authored by Member of Parliament Dr. Shashi Tharoor, titled “The Sage who Reimagined Hinduism: The Life, Lessons and Legacy of Sree Narayana Guru.” The launch ceremony was held on February 19, 2026 at the India International Centre (IIC) in New Delhi.

About the Book

  • The biography chronicles the life and teachings of Sree Narayana Guru, the 19th-century social reformer and spiritual leader from Kerala.
  • It highlights Guru’s fight against caste discrimination and his vision of social equality, encapsulated in his famous message: “One caste, one religion, one God for mankind.”
  • Dr. Tharoor positions Narayana Guru as a thinker who reshaped Hinduism into a more inclusive and egalitarian faith, making his legacy relevant for contemporary India.

Key Highlights from the Release

  • Vice President Radhakrishnan praised the book as a bridge between generations, ensuring Guru’s philosophy reaches a global audience.
  • He noted that contributions of reformers like Narayana Guru have often been underrepresented in international academic discourse, and this work helps fill that gap.
  • The book was first unveiled at Sivagiri Mutt, the hermitage founded by Narayana Guru, before its formal release in New Delhi.

India AI Impact Summit 2026 Adopts Leaders’ Declaration

The India AI Impact Summit 2026, hosted at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi, reached a landmark moment on February 20, 2026 with the formal adoption of the Leaders’ Declaration. The declaration outlines a collective vision for global AI governance, responsible innovation, and inclusive collaboration.

Key Highlights

  • The Leaders’ Declaration affirms commitments to:
    • Strengthening multilateral cooperation on AI.
    • Promoting responsible and ethical AI development.
    • Ensuring inclusive access to AI benefits, especially for developing nations.
    • Advancing global competitiveness and shared prosperity through AI.
  • The declaration was adopted during high-level GPAI (Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence) Council meetings, where member countries reviewed progress and set priorities for the future.
  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who inaugurated the summit earlier, emphasized India’s vision of AI as a tool for democratization, empowerment, and inclusion, particularly for the Global South.
  • The summit witnessed participation from over 500 AI leaders, including 100+ CEOs and founders, 150 academicians and researchers, and nearly 400 chief technologists from across the world.

Global Context

The India AI Impact Summit 2026 is anchored in the principles of People, Planet, and Progress, reflecting India’s approach to AI cooperation. Leaders from multiple countries, including Brazil, France, Finland, Bhutan, and Estonia, joined discussions on shaping the future of AI for humanity.

DRDO Successfully Tests Gaganyaan Drogue Parachute

India’s human spaceflight programme, Gaganyaan, achieved a significant milestone with the successful qualification-level load test of its drogue parachute system. The test was conducted by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) at the Rail Track Rocket Sled (RTRS) facility of the Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL) in Chandigarh on 18 February 2026.

Key Highlights

  • The drogue parachute is a critical component of the crew module’s deceleration system, designed to stabilize and slow down the spacecraft before the deployment of the main parachutes.
  • The qualification-level load test validated the parachute’s strength, reliability, and performance under extreme aerodynamic conditions.
  • The Ministry of Defence emphasized that the RTRS facility is a specialized dynamic test center extensively used for high-speed aerodynamic and ballistic evaluations.
  • The successful trial demonstrates India’s growing expertise in designing and manufacturing high-strength ribbon parachutes, a technology crucial for astronaut safety during re-entry and landing.
  • The test was jointly overseen by teams from DRDO and ISRO, marking another step forward in ensuring the safety and success of India’s first human spaceflight mission.

Current Affairs MCQs : 17 february 2026

Q. Exercise MILAN 2026 is the 13th edition of the Indian Navy’s flagship multilateral naval exercise, held from 18–25 February 2026 at which location?
अभ्यास MILAN 2026 भारतीय नौसेना का 13वां प्रमुख बहुपक्षीय नौसैनिक अभ्यास है, जो 18–25 फरवरी 2026 तक किस स्थान पर आयोजित किया गया?

A. Kochi and Arabian Sea / कोच्चि और अरब सागर
B. Mumbai and Arabian Sea / मुंबई और अरब सागर
C. Visakhapatnam and Bay of Bengal / विशाखापत्तनम और बंगाल की खाड़ी
D. Chennai and Indian Ocean / चेन्नई और हिंद महासागर

Show Answer
Correct Answer: C. Visakhapatnam and Bay of Bengal
सही उत्तर: C. विशाखापत्तनम और बंगाल की खाड़ी

Explanation (English):
Exercise MILAN 2026 was conducted at Visakhapatnam and in the Bay of Bengal from 18–25 February 2026. It is one of the largest multilateral naval exercises hosted by the Indian Navy, with participation from dozens of countries.

व्याख्या (Hindi):
अभ्यास MILAN 2026 का आयोजन 18–25 फरवरी 2026 तक विशाखापत्तनम और बंगाल की खाड़ी में किया गया। यह भारतीय नौसेना द्वारा आयोजित सबसे बड़े बहुपक्षीय नौसैनिक अभ्यासों में से एक है, जिसमें कई देशों की भागीदारी होती है।


Q. Global Tourism Resilience Day is observed annually on which date?
ग्लोबल टूरिज्म रेजिलिएंस डे प्रतिवर्ष किस तिथि को मनाया जाता है?

A. 15 January / 15 जनवरी
B. 17 February / 17 फरवरी
C. 21 March / 21 मार्च
D. 5 June / 5 जून

Show Answer
Correct Answer: B. 17 February
सही उत्तर: B. 17 फरवरी

Explanation (English):
Global Tourism Resilience Day is observed every year on 17 February. It was established by the United Nations to emphasize strengthening the tourism sector against global crises such as pandemics, natural disasters, and climate change.

व्याख्या (Hindi):
ग्लोबल टूरिज्म रेजिलिएंस डे हर वर्ष 17 फरवरी को मनाया जाता है। इसे संयुक्त राष्ट्र (United Nations) द्वारा स्थापित किया गया, ताकि पर्यटन क्षेत्र को महामारी, प्राकृतिक आपदाओं और जलवायु परिवर्तन जैसी चुनौतियों के प्रति अधिक सशक्त बनाया जा सके।

Global Tourism Resilience Day – February 17

Global Tourism Resilience Day is observed annually on February 17. It was established to highlight the importance of building a tourism sector that can withstand crises such as pandemics, natural disasters, economic shocks, and climate change. The day serves as a global call to action for governments, businesses, and travelers to prioritize sustainable and adaptable tourism practices.


📖 Background & Significance

  • Origins: The initiative was spearheaded by the Global Tourism Resilience and Crisis Management Centre (GTRCMC), with strong support from the United Nations and international tourism bodies.
  • Purpose: To strengthen tourism’s ability to recover quickly from disruptions while continuing to foster economic growth, cultural exchange, and environmental sustainability.
  • Global Impact: Tourism is a major source of income, employment, and foreign exchange for many countries, especially developing nations and small island states. Resilient tourism ensures these economies remain stable even during crises.

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