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On March 18, 2025, the Election Commission announced major steps to enhance electoral process!
Voter ID & Aadhaar Linking: 🤝 The EC will soon begin technical consultations with UIDAI to explore linking Voter IDs with Aadhaar, ensuring a more robust and accurate voter database. This will be done in accordance with Article 326, the Representation of the People Act, 1950, and Supreme Court judgments.
Duplicate Voter IDs Resolved: 🔍 Say goodbye to duplicate voter ID issues! The EC is committed to resolving these problems within the next three months.
Empowering Political Agents: 📚 Field-level political agents (booth, polling, counting, and election agents) will receive comprehensive training to better understand their vital roles.
Shorter Polling Queues: ⏳ To reduce waiting times, future polling booths will be limited to a maximum of 1,200 electors.
On March 18, 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin held a crucial phone call to address the ongoing Ukraine war. The discussion aimed to convince Moscow to agree to a 30-day ceasefire and explore pathways toward a permanent peace deal.
Key Highlights:
The call began at 10 a.m. ET (1400 GMT) and was described as “going well” by White House Deputy Chief of Staff Dan Scavino.
Ukraine has already agreed to the U.S.-proposed ceasefire, marking a potential turning point in Europe’s largest conflict since World War II.
Russian President Putin expressed conditional support for the truce but emphasized the need to address several key issues before halting military operations.
President Trump also hinted at a longer-term peace plan, which could involve territorial concessions by Kyiv and discussions over the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant.
Broader Implications:
The Kremlin highlighted a “certain understanding” between the two leaders, building on their previous phone call on February 12, 2025, and subsequent high-level contacts.
Kirill Dmitriev, Putin’s special envoy, praised the leadership of Trump and Putin, stating that their efforts have made the world a safer place.
After an extended mission of 286 days in space, NASA astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore safely returned to Earth on March 18, 2025. Their journey back marked the conclusion of an extraordinary mission aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
Key Highlights:
Mission Duration: Originally planned as an eight-day mission starting in June 2024, their stay was extended due to technical issues with the Boeing Starliner capsule.
Return Journey: The astronauts traveled aboard SpaceX’s Crew Dragon capsule, which successfully splashed down in the Gulf of Mexico off the Florida coast.
Achievements: During their extended mission, the duo conducted critical scientific experiments, performed equipment repairs, and participated in spacewalks. Sunita Williams set a record for the most career spacewalking time by a female astronaut, logging 62 hours over nine excursions.
The 10th edition of the Raisina Dialogue, India’s premier conference on geopolitics and geoeconomics, took place from March 17 to March 19, 2025, in New Delhi. Organized by the Observer Research Foundation (ORF) in collaboration with the Ministry of External Affairs, this flagship event brought together leaders, policymakers, and experts from around the world to address pressing global challenges.
Key Highlights:
Theme: The 2025 edition was centered around the theme “Kālachakra – People, Peace, and Planet”, emphasizing the interconnectedness of humanity, sustainability, and global harmony.
Inauguration: The event was inaugurated by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, with New Zealand Prime Minister Christopher Luxon as the chief guest, who delivered the keynote address.
Participation: Over 3,500 participants from 125 countries, including ministers, former heads of state, military commanders, industry leaders, academics, and youth, engaged in vibrant discussions.
Thematic Pillars: The dialogue revolved around six key areas:
Politics Interrupted: Shifting political dynamics and rising global challenges.
Resolving the Green Trilemma: Addressing environmental sustainability.
Digital Planet: Governance in the digital age.
Militant Mercantilism: Trade, supply chains, and economic resilience.
The Tiger’s Tale: Reimagining development strategies.
Investing in Peace: Leadership and institutions driving global peace.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has been honored with the Digital Transformation Award 2025 by Central Banking, London, in recognition of its groundbreaking digital initiatives, Sarthi and Pravaah.
Key Highlights:
Sarthi, launched in January 2023, revolutionized RBI’s internal workflows by digitizing document sharing, enhancing data analysis, and improving record management across its vast network.
Pravaah, introduced in May 2024, streamlined external regulatory applications, offering real-time tracking and analytics for over 70 regulatory processes.
These initiatives have significantly reduced paper-based submissions, increased efficiency, and modernized RBI’s operations, making it one of the most digitally advanced central banks globally. The award reflects RBI’s commitment to innovation and its vision of a future-proof financial ecosystem.
From March 16 to March 18, 2025, US Director of National Intelligence Tulsi Gabbard visited India, marking a significant step in enhancing bilateral relations between the two nations.
Key highlights of the visit:
March 16, 2025: Gabbard arrived in New Delhi and held discussions with National Security Advisor Ajit Doval, focusing on intelligence-sharing, cybersecurity, and counter-terrorism strategies.
March 17, 2025: Gabbard met with Defence Minister Rajnath Singh to explore ways to bolster defense and security ties. Later, she had a meeting with Prime Minister Narendra Modi, where they exchanged symbolic gifts—Gangajal and a Tulsi Mala—emphasizing cultural and diplomatic goodwill.
March 18, 2025: Gabbard participated in the Raisina Dialogue, delivering a keynote address on global security challenges and the importance of India-US collaboration.
This visit underscored:
Strengthening intelligence cooperation and defense relations.
Addressing emerging threats in cybersecurity and artificial intelligence.
Enhancing the India-US strategic partnership in the Indo-Pacific region.
From March 16 to March 20, 2025, New Zealand Prime Minister Christopher Luxon embarked on a significant five-day visit to India, marking a new chapter in the bilateral relationship between the two nations.
Key highlights of the visit:
March 17, 2025: PM Luxon held wide-ranging discussions with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi, focusing on trade, economic ties, and regional security. He also attended the inaugural session of the prestigious Raisina Dialogue as the chief guest.
March 19-20, 2025: Luxon visited Mumbai, where he engaged with business leaders and promoted trade and investment opportunities.
This visit emphasized:
Launching negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA).
Facilitating the mobility of professionals and skilled workers.
Strengthening collaboration in defense, education, and disaster resilience.
Addressing shared concerns about China’s influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
ISRO has successfully completed the flight acceptance hot test of the cryogenic engine for the LVM3-M6 mission at the ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu.
The LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3) is a three-stage medium-lift launch vehicle, and each mission’s cryogenic engine undergoes hot testing before flight.
ISRO stated that an innovative test method has reduced setup time and effort, enabling faster delivery of cryogenic stages.
The CE20 engine performed as expected, meeting all test objectives. It will now be integrated into the Cryogenic Upper Stage of the LVM3-M6 mission, set for the second half of 2025.
The Mumbai Indians have won their second Women’s Premier League title! In an exciting final, they beat the Delhi Capitals by 8 runs on 16 March 2025 at the Brabourne Stadium in Mumbai.
Key highlights:
Harmanpreet Kaur led from the front with a scintillating 66 off 44 balls, anchoring Mumbai’s innings to a competitive 149/7.
Nat Sciver-Brunt showcased her all-round brilliance, contributing 30 runs and taking 3 crucial wickets.
Despite a valiant effort by Marizanne Kapp (40 off 26 balls), the Delhi Capitals fell short, finishing at 141/9.
The Kabaddi World Cup 2025 will begin on 17 March 2025 in England. The Indian Men’s team will start their campaign against Italy in Wolverhampton at 5:30 PM IST.
The tournament will last seven days, featuring over 60 matches in Birmingham, Coventry, Walsall, and Wolverhampton (West Midlands, UK).
The Men’s competition has 10 teams, divided into Group A and Group B. India is in Group B with Italy, Scotland, Wales, and China.
The Women’s competition has six teams, divided into Group D and Group E. India is in Group D with Wales and Poland.
This is the second edition of the World Kabaddi-hosted Kabaddi World Cup. In the 2019 inaugural edition (Malaysia), India won both the men’s and women’s titles.
This is also the first time the tournament is hosted outside Asia. Notably, this event is different from the IKF Kabaddi World Cup, which has always been held in India.
World Consumer Rights Day 2025 was observed on 15 March to highlight the importance of consumer rights and protection. The theme for 2025 is “A Just Transition to Sustainable Lifestyles.”
The Government of India has implemented several measures to protect consumer rights and ensure quick grievance redressal. The Jaago Grahak Jaago campaign raises consumer awareness, and the National Consumer Helpline collaborates with over 1,000 companies for faster complaint resolution.
To tackle unfair trade practices in e-commerce, the Consumer Protection (E-commerce) Rules, 2020 outline responsibilities and liabilities for marketplace and inventory-based e-commerce platforms, ensuring proper grievance redressal mechanisms.
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully completes the undocking experiment under the Space Docking Experiment (SpaDEx) mission. This marks a significant milestone in developing autonomous docking and undocking technologies, essential for future space stations, deep-space missions, and satellite servicing.
Key Highlights of SpaDEx Mission:
✅ Satellites Involved:SDX-01 (Chaser) & SDX-02 (Target) ✅ Undocking Date:March 13, 2025 ✅ Orbit Altitude:460 km with 45° inclination ✅ Successful power transfer between satellites before undocking – a crucial step for long-term space operations
This accomplishment places India alongside global space leaders like the United States, Russia, and China, proving ISRO’s technical excellence in orbital docking and separation.
Future Missions Boosted by SpaDEx
Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh congratulated ISRO, emphasizing that this achievement will pave the way for major upcoming missions, including: 🚀 Bharatiya Antriksh Station (India’s future space station) 🌕 Chandrayaan-4 (Next lunar mission) 👨🚀 Gaganyaan (India’s first human spaceflight program)
The festival of colors, Holi, was celebrated with immense enthusiasm across India on 14 March 2025. Streets were filled with vibrant hues, people danced to festive beats, and traditional sweets added to the joy of the occasion.
🌸 Highlights from Across India:
🔹 Uttar Pradesh: From Braj Mandal to Ayodhya Dham, Holi was celebrated with grandeur. CM Yogi Adityanath, while flagging off the Bhagwan Nrisinh Vishwa Yatra in Gorakhpur, emphasized that festivals should symbolize harmony, peace, and equality.
🔹 Unity in Diversity: People from all communities—Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs—joined the celebrations, applying colors, dancing together, and sharing sweets, showcasing India’s cultural harmony.
🔹 Security Forces Join the Festivities: The Army, BSF, and CRPF personnel celebrated Holi even at forward locations, adding warmth and joy to the occasion.
SpaceX and NASA have launched the Crew-10 mission to bring back US astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore, who have been stranded on the International Space Station (ISS) for nine months.
This mission not only aims to rescue Williams and Wilmore but also delivers four new astronauts to the ISS: ✅ Anne McClain & Nichole Ayers (NASA) ✅ Takuya Onishi (JAXA – Japan) ✅ Kirill Peskov (Roscosmos – Russia)
Why Were Williams & Wilmore Stranded?
🛰️ They arrived at the ISS in June 2024 aboard Boeing’s Starliner capsule, which was meant to be a short test flight. ⚠️ However, helium leaks & thruster failures led to months of investigation, delaying their return.
NASA & Boeing’s Efforts
After extensive analysis, NASA and Boeing, along with SpaceX, devised a solution to safely return the astronauts. The Crew-10 mission is a significant step in ensuring the success of future space operations.
India has achieved a major milestone in its defense capabilities with the successful test launch of the Astra Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM) from the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) AF MK1 prototype on 12 March 2025. The test was conducted off the coast of Chandipur, Odisha, marking a significant step toward the advancement of India’s indigenous defense technology.
Astra Missile Test: A Remarkable Success
The Astra missile, developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), successfully hit a flying target with pinpoint accuracy, demonstrating its advanced capabilities. All subsystems performed optimally, meeting the mission’s parameters and objectives.
Key Features of Astra Missile:
✔ Beyond Visual Range (BVR): Engages targets over 100 km away. ✔ Advanced Guidance & Navigation: Ensures high precision and effectiveness. ✔ Enhances IAF’s Combat Readiness: Already inducted into the Indian Air Force (IAF).
A Step Toward LCA AF MK1A Induction
This successful test is a crucial step toward the induction of the LCA AF MK1A variant, reinforcing India’s commitment to strengthening its indigenous defense systems. The achievement was made possible by the dedicated efforts of ADA, DRDO, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), CEMILAC, DG-AQA, IAF, and the test range team.
Leaders Applaud the Achievement
Defence Minister Rajnath Singh congratulated the teams involved, while Dr. Samir V. Kamat, Chairman of DRDO, praised the collaborative efforts of scientists, engineers, and technicians from multiple organizations and industries.
India has made a remarkable achievement in the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2025, with nine prestigious universities securing positions among the world’s top 50 across various disciplines. According to the 15th edition of the QS rankings, announced on March 12, 2025, India celebrates 12 top 50 positions across different subjects and faculty areas.
Top Indian Universities in QS Subject Rankings 2025
Leading the way is the Indian School of Mines (ISM) Dhanbad, which ranks 20th globally in Engineering-Mineral and Mining, making it the highest-ranked subject area for India.
Other notable rankings include:
IIT Bombay – 28th position in Engineering-Mineral and Mining
IIT Kharagpur – 45th position in Engineering-Mineral and Mining
IIT Delhi – 26th position in Engineering and Technology
IIT Bombay – 28th position in Engineering and Technology
IIM Ahmedabad – 27th position in Business and Management Studies
IIM Bangalore – 40th position in Business and Management Studies
IIT Madras – Featured in the top 50 for Petroleum Engineering
Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) – Featured in the top 50 for Development Studies
India’s Higher Education Growth Reflected in QS Rankings
QS reports that a total of 79 Indian universities, 10 more than last year, have been featured 533 times across the 2025 QS subject rankings. This marks a 25.7% increase compared to the previous edition. India ranks 5th globally for the highest number of new entries, following China, the USA, the UK, and South Korea.
This growth highlights India’s expanding higher education ecosystem, both in terms of size and quality. With an increasing number of Indian institutions making their mark globally, the country continues to establish itself as a hub for world-class education and research.
Why These Rankings Matter?
The QS World University Rankings by Subject are highly regarded worldwide and help students, researchers, and academic institutions assess global educational excellence. India’s strong performance reflects improving academic standards, enhanced research output, and growing global recognition of its institutions.
MCQs on QS World University Rankings 2025
Q: According to the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2025, how many Indian universities are among the world’s top 50?
a) 5 b) 7 c) 9 d) 12
Answer: c) 9
Q: Which Indian institution secured the highest rank in the QS Subject Rankings 2025?
a) IIT Bombay b) IIT Delhi c) Indian School of Mines (ISM) Dhanbad d) IIM Ahmedabad
Answer: c) Indian School of Mines (ISM) Dhanbad
Q: Which two IITs ranked in the top 50 for Engineering and Technology?
a) IIT Madras and IIT Delhi b) IIT Kharagpur and IIT Roorkee c) IIT Delhi and IIT Bombay d) IIT Kanpur and IIT Guwahati
Answer: c) IIT Delhi and IIT Bombay
Q: Which Indian institutions ranked in the top 50 for Business and Management Studies?
a) IIM Ahmedabad and IIM Bangalore b) IIT Delhi and IIT Bombay c) IIM Calcutta and IIM Indore d) IIT Madras and IIT Kanpur
Atul Kumar Goel assumed the role of Chief Executive (CE) of the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) on March 11, 2025. With a distinguished career spanning over three decades in the banking sector, Goel brings a wealth of experience and expertise to his new position.
Prior to this appointment, Goel served as the Managing Director (MD) and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Punjab National Bank (PNB) from February 2022 to December 2024. He also held the position of Chairman of the IBA for two consecutive terms, from 2021 to 2022 and again from 2022 to 2023. His predecessor, Sunil Mehta, also had a notable tenure as MD & CEO of PNB and Chairman of the IBA.
Goel’s extensive banking experience includes key roles at Allahabad Bank (now Indian Bank), Union Bank of India, and UCO Bank. As a qualified Chartered Accountant, he has demonstrated exceptional leadership and strategic vision throughout his career.
The IBA, under Goel’s leadership, is expected to continue its mission of representing and advocating for the banking industry in India, addressing key issues, and fostering collaboration among member banks.
India is rapidly emerging as a global leader in Web3, with a report (March 2025) predicting it will become the largest hub for Web3 developers by 2028.
The ‘India Web3 Landscape’ report by Hashed Emergent highlights that in 2024, 4.7 million Indian developers joined GitHub, accounting for 17% of all new Web3 developers globally, making India the second-largest base for crypto developers.
Key development areas include gaming, NFTs, DeFi, and RWAs. Over half of Indian Web3 developers joined in the past two years, and most are under 27 years old.
Hackathons and university partnerships in Odisha, Bhubaneswar, Chennai, and Kerala are helping introduce blockchain technology to students.
India ranks third globally in Web3 startup founders, with over 1,200 startups. Investor confidence has surged, with a 109% increase in funding in 2024, totaling $564 million.
The report highlights AI, RWAs, and staking solutions as major investment drivers, with both global and local venture capital firms heavily investing in Layer 1 and Layer 2 blockchain projects.
Reliance Jio, a leading telecommunications company in India, announced on March 12, 2025, that it has entered into a significant agreement with Elon Musk’s SpaceX to bring Starlink’s satellite-based internet services to the country. This partnership aims to enhance internet connectivity across India, particularly in rural and remote areas where traditional broadband infrastructure is lacking.
Under the agreement, Jio will make Starlink equipment available through its retail outlets and online platforms, providing installation support to customers. This collaboration is expected to complement Jio’s existing broadband services, such as JioFiber and JioAirFiber, by extending high-speed internet access to even the most challenging locations.
The deal, however, is contingent upon SpaceX receiving the necessary regulatory approvals from the Indian government. Once approved, this partnership could revolutionize India’s internet landscape, offering reliable and affordable broadband services to millions of people.
This move comes shortly after Jio’s rival, Bharti Airtel, signed a similar agreement with SpaceX, signaling a competitive push towards satellite-based internet services in India. Both telecom giants are now poised to leverage Starlink’s low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite technology to bridge the digital divide and ensure seamless connectivity across the nation.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has become the first Indian to receive the highest civilian award of Mauritius, Grand Commander of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean.
Mauritius Prime Minister Dr. Navinchandra Ramgoolam announced the award during an Indian diaspora event in Port Louis on 11 March 2025. This marks Modi’s 21st international accolade.
Addressing the Indian community, Modi expressed gratitude, calling it an honour for India-Mauritius ties. He highlighted the deep-rooted cultural connection between the two nations.
In a special gesture, Modi announced Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cards for Mauritius PM Navinchandra Ramgoolam and his spouse Veena Ramgoolam.
The event, attended by 3,500 people, included Mauritius Cabinet members, officials, and National Assembly members. Later, Modi will hold a bilateral meeting with PM Ramgoolam.
Armed militants hijacked a passenger train in Pakistan’s Balochistan province on March 11, 2025. The attackers, identified as members of the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA), blew up the railway track, forcing the train to stop in a remote area. They then boarded the train and took control, separating men from women.
The Pakistani security forces launched an operation, rescuing more than 100 passengers while killing 16 militants. However, the exchange of heavy gunfire resulted in the deaths of at least 20 soldiers. The BLA claimed responsibility for the attack, continuing its insurgency against the Pakistani state.
Balochistan, Pakistan’s largest but poorest province, has long been home to separatist movements. Militants claim that the region’s natural resources are exploited by outsiders, leaving little benefit for locals.
Medieval History of India GK MCQ questions for Competitive Exams in English. Important General Knowledge MCQs from previous year exam question papers.
Medieval History of India MCQs
Early Medieval Period
Q.1: Which of the following Tomar rulers is credited with establishing the city of Delhi? a) Anangpal b) Wazat c) Rudane d) Devaraj
Answer
Answer: a) Anangpal
Q.2: In which of the following years did Muhammad-bin-Qasim conquer Sindh? a) 712 CE b) 812 CE c) 912 CE d) 1012 CE
Answer
Answer: a) 712 CE
Q.3: Which of the following famous temples did Mahmud of Ghazni attack? a) Belur b) Halebid c) Somnath d) Konark
Answer
Answer: c) Somnath
Q.4: Who defeated Prithviraj in the second battle of Tarain? a) Mahmud of Ghazni b) Qutb-ud-din Aibak c) Muhammad Ghori d) Alauddin Khilji
Answer
Answer: c) Muhammad Ghori
Q.5: Whom did Muhammad Ghori leave behind to take care of the conquered territories? a) Nasiruddin b) Iltutmish c) Qutb-ud-din Aibak d) Malik Kafur
Answer
Answer: c) Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Q.6: Which of the following Rajput kings defeated Muhammad Ghori for the first time? a) Prithviraj III b) Baghel Bhim c) Jaychandra d) Kumarpal
Answer
Answer: b) Baghel Bhim
Q.7: Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Birth of Prophet Muhammad (B) Rise of the Gupta dynasty in India (C) Completion of the Roman Colosseum (D) Peter the Great becomes Tsar of Russia a) (C), (B), (A), (D) b) (A), (C), (D), (B) c) (B), (D), (C), (A) d) (D), (A), (C), (B)
Answer
Answer: a) (C), (B), (A), (D)
Sultanate Period: Medieval History MCQs
Q.8: Who among the following built the ‘Quwwat-ul-Islam’ Mosque (Delhi)? a) Qutb-ud-din Aibak b) Alauddin Khilji c) Iltutmish d) Muhammad Adil Shah
Answer
Answer: a) Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Q.9: Which Sultan of Delhi died while playing polo? a) Qutb-ud-din Aibak b) Alauddin Khilji c) Firoz Shah Tughlaq d) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
Answer
Answer: a) Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Q.10: Before becoming the Sultan of Delhi, Balban was the Prime Minister of which Sultan? a) Nasiruddin b) Qutb-ud-din Aibak c) Bahram Shah d) Aram Shah
Answer
Answer: a) Nasiruddin
Q.11: During whose reign did Genghis Khan attack the borders of India while chasing Jalaluddin? a) Qutb-ud-din Aibak b) Iltutmish c) Balban d) Nasiruddin Khusrau
Answer
Answer: b) Iltutmish
Q.12: Who introduced the famous Persian festival of Nowruz? a) Alauddin Khilji b) Iltutmish c) Firoz Tughlaq d) Balban
Answer
Answer: d) Balban
Q.13: Who was the only queen among the following to rule over Delhi? a) Razia Sultan b) Chand Bibi c) Mehrunnisa d) Hazrat Mahal
Answer
Answer: a) Razia Sultan
Q.14: Which were the two dynasties that ruled immediately before and after the Khilji rulers? a) Slave and Lodi b) Sayyid and Lodi c) Slave and Tughlaq d) Tughlaq and Lodi
Answer
Answer: c) Slave and Tughlaq
Q.15: Which Sultan of Delhi established a department of employment, a charity department, and a philanthropic hospital? a) Firoz Tughlaq b) Muhammad Tughlaq c) Alauddin Khilji d) Balban
Answer
Answer: a) Firoz Tughlaq
Q.16: During whose reign did the Mongols invade the most? a) Balban b) Alauddin Khilji c) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq d) Firoz Tughlaq
Answer
Answer: b) Alauddin Khilji
Q.17: Malik Kafur was a general of a) Sikandar Lodi b) Qutb-ud-din Aibak c) Alauddin Khilji d) Humayun
Answer
Answer: c) Alauddin Khilji
Q.18: Which Khilji ruler killed his father-in-law to ascend the throne of Delhi? a) Qutb-ud-din Aibak b) Jalaluddin Khilji c) Ghiyasuddin d) Alauddin Khilji
Answer
Answer: d) Alauddin Khilji
Q.19: The market regulation system was initiated by: a) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq b) Iltutmish c) Alauddin Khilji d) Ghiyasuddin
Answer
Answer: c) Alauddin Khilji
Q.20: Which Sultan of Delhi has been described by historians as a “mixture of contradictions”? a) Balban b) Ibrahim Lodi c) Alauddin Khilji d) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
Answer
Answer: d) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
Q.21: Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq excelled in – a) Art b) Music c) Calligraphy d) Philosophy
Answer
Answer: d) Philosophy
Q.22: The Qutub Minar, as we see it today, was ultimately rebuilt by? a) Balban b) Alauddin Khilji c) Sikandar Lodi d) Firoz Tughlaq
Answer
Answer: d) Firoz Tughlaq
Q.23: Arrange the dynasties of the Sultans of Delhi in chronological order: 1.Khilji 2.Tughlaq 3.Sayyid 4.Slave (a) 4, 1, 3, 2 (b) 1, 4, 2, 3 (c) 1, 2, 3, 4 (d) 4, 1, 2, 3
Answer
Answer: (d) 4, 1, 2, 3
Q.24: During whose reign did Ibn Battuta visit India? a) Iltutmish b) Alauddin Khilji c) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq d) Balban
Answer
Answer: c) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
Q.25: Who was the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty? a) Bahlul Lodi b) Ibrahim Lodi c) Daulat Khan Lodi d) Sikandar Lodi
Answer
Answer: b) Ibrahim Lodi
Q.26: Who founded the Lodi dynasty? a) Ibrahim Lodi b) Sikandar Lodi c) Bahlul Lodi d) Khizr Khan
Answer
Answer: c) Bahlul Lodi
Sufi and Bhakti Movement: Medieval History MCQs
Q.27: Who established the Chishti order in India? a) Nizamuddin Auliya b) Salim Chishti c) Sheikh Moinuddin Chishti d) Hamiduddin Nagori
Answer
Answer: c) Sheikh Moinuddin Chishti
Q.28: Who organized the first Bhakti movement? a) Nanak b) Meera c) Ramdas d) Ramanujacharya
Answer
Answer: d) Ramanujacharya
Q.29: Which of the following Sufi saints believed that devotional music is the path to reaching God? a) Sheikh Moinuddin Chishti b) Baba Farid c) Sayyid Muhammad d) Shah Alam Bukhari
Answer
Answer: a) Sheikh Moinuddin Chishti
Q.30: The contribution of the saints of the Bhakti and Sufi movements was in a) Religious harmony b) National unity c) Unity between Hindus and Muslims d) Social harmony
Answer
Answer: a) Religious harmony
Q.31: Match the founders (List-I) with the Bhakti sects (List-II) and choose the correct answer using the code given below:
List-I
List-II
(A) Shankaradev
1. Mahanubhav Panth
(B) Jagjivan
2. Alakhnami
(C) Lalgin or Lalbeg
3. Satnami
(D) Govind Prabhu
4. Ek-Sharan-Dharma
Medieval History MCQ in English
A B C D a) 4 3 2 1 b) 4 2 1 3 c) 1 4 3 2 d) 1 2 4 3
Answer
a) 4 3 2 1
Q.32: The Alvar saints originated from which of the following modern states? a) Tamil Nadu b) Kerala c) Karnataka d) Maharashtra
Answer
Answer: a) Tamil Nadu
Q.33: Bhakti preacher Shankaradev popularized which regional language through his teachings? a) Assamese b) Bengali c) Braj Bhasha d) Awadhi
Answer
Answer: a) Assamese
Q.34: Who among the following is considered the creator of the sitar? a) Miyan Tansen b) Baiju Bawra c) Amir Khusro d) Bade Ghulam Ali Khan
Answer
Answer: c) Amir Khusro
Medieval Regional States: Medieval History MCQ
Q.35: Who founded the ‘Vijayanagar Kingdom’? a) Tuluva dynasty b) Sangama dynasty c) Saluva dynasty d) Devaraya dynasty
Answer
Answer: b) Sangama dynasty
Q.36: The rulers of Vijayanagar encouraged – a) Hindi, Marathi, and Sanskrit b) Malayalam, Tamil, and Sanskrit c) Tamil, Telugu, and Sanskrit d) Telugu, Urdu, and Sanskrit
Answer
Answer: c) Tamil, Telugu, and Sanskrit
Q.37: Which book was written by Krishnadevaraya? a) Mitakshara b) Rajatarangini c) Karpur Manjari d) Amuktamalyada
Answer
Answer: d) Amuktamalyada
Q.38: ‘Amuktamalyada’ is the work of a) Allasani Peddana b) Krishnadevaraya c) Vaccharaja d) Kharavela
Answer
Answer: b) Krishnadevaraya
Q.39: The medieval city of Vijayanagar is known today as – a) Chandragiri b) Halebidu c) Hampi d) Kondavidu
Answer
Answer: c) Hampi
Q.40: Who constructed the ‘Raya Gopurams’ in front of the temples in Hampi, Tiruvannamalai, Chidambaram, Srirangam, Tirupati, etc.? a) Vidyaranya b) Krishnadevaraya c) Harihara d) Rajaraja
Answer
Answer: b) Krishnadevaraya
Q.41: When was the famous Battle of Talikota fought? a) 1565 CE b) 1575 CE c) 1585 CE d) 1570 CE
Answer
Answer: a) 1565 CE
Q.42: Who built the ‘Gol Gumbaz’ in Bijapur, the second-largest dome in the world, famous for its whispering gallery? a) Mahmud Gawan b) Yusuf Adil Shah c) Ismail Adil Shah d) Muhammad Adil Shah
Answer
Answer: d) Muhammad Adil Shah
Q.43: Where is the Gol Gumbaz located? a) Konark b) Hyderabad c) Puri d) Bijapur
Answer
Answer: d) Bijapur
Q.44: Who built the ‘Kirti Stambh’ of Chittor? a) Rana Pratap b) Rana Kumbha c) Rana Sanga d) Bappa Rawal
Answer
Answer: b) Rana Kumbha
Q.45: The capital of the Bahmani rulers was – a) Gulbarga b) Bijapur c) Belgaum d) Raichur
Answer
Answer: a) Gulbarga
Q.46: The famous Muslim ruler Chand Bibi belonged to which state? a) Bijapur b) Golconda c) Ahmadnagar d) Berar
Answer
Answer: c) Ahmadnagar
Q.47: The famous Kohinoor diamond was mined from which mine? a) Odisha b) Chota Nagpur c) Bojapur d) Golconda
Answer
Answer: d) Golconda
Mughal Period
Q.48: From which of the following battles was the foundation of the Mughal Empire laid in India? a) Battle of Plassey b) Battle of Talikota c) First Battle of Panipat d) Battle of Haldighati
Answer
Answer: c) First Battle of Panipat
Q.49: After which battle was the Mughal rule established in India? a) First Battle of Tarain b) Second Battle of Tarain c) First Battle of Panipat d) Second Battle of Panipat
Answer
Answer: c) First Battle of Panipat
Q.50: Which Mughal ruler gave a detailed description of Indian flora, fauna, seasons, and fruits in his daily diary? a) Akbar b) Jahangir c) Babur d) Aurangzeb
Answer
Answer: c) Babur
Q.51: The Rajput king defeated by Babur in the Battle of Khanwa was – a) Rana Sanga b) Rudra Dev c) Uday Singh d) Rana Pratap Singh
Answer
Answer: a) Rana Sanga
Q.52: Who wrote the “Humayun Nama”? a) Humayun b) Akbar c) Abul Fazl d) Gulbadan Begum
Answer
Answer: d) Gulbadan Begum
Q.53: After losing which battle did Humayun have to flee from India? a) Khanwa b) Kannauj c) Panipat d) Ghaghra
Answer
Answer: b) Kannauj
Q.54: Which Mughal emperor discouraged the practice of Sati? a) Babur b) Humayun c) Akbar d) Jahangir
Answer
Answer: c) Akbar
Q.55: “Razmnama” is the Persian translation of which of the following? a) Mahabharata b) Ramayana c) Panchatantra d) Kathasaritsagara
Answer
Answer: a) Mahabharata
Q.56: Where did Akbar build the Panch Mahal, known for its pillars? a) Lahore b) Fatehpur Sikri c) Agra d) Sikandra
Answer
Answer: b) Fatehpur Sikri
Q.57: Famous musicians Tansen and Baiju Bawra were renowned during whose reign? a) Jahangir b) Bahadur Shah Zafar c) Akbar d) Shah Jahan
Answer
Answer: c) Akbar
Q.58: Who was the famous Jain scholar highly respected by Akbar? a) Hemchandra b) Harivijaya c) Vastupal d) Bhadrabahu
Answer
Answer: b) Harivijaya
Q.59: Who is the author of the book “Ain-i-Akbari”? a) Akbar b) Abul Fazl c) Firdausi d) Jahangir
Answer
Answer: b) Abul Fazl
Q.60: The Battle of Haldighati was fought between whom? a) Akbar and Rana Sangram Singh b) Akbar and Medini Rai c) Akbar and Rana Pratap Singh d) Akbar and Uday Singh
Answer
Answer: c) Akbar and Rana Pratap Singh
Q.61: The Buland Darwaza was constructed to commemorate Akbar’s victory over which region? a) Malwa b) Deccan c) Bengal d) Gujarat
Answer
Answer: d) Gujarat
Q.62: Who initiated the “Mansabdari System”? a) Akbar b) Shah Jahan c) Jahangir d) Babur
Answer
Answer: a) Akbar
Q.63: Which of the following is not located in Fatehpur Sikri? a) Panch Mahal b) Moti Masjid c) Tomb of Salim Chishti d) Mariam Palace
Answer
Answer: b) Moti Masjid
Q.64: Who renamed the city of Prayag as Allahabad, meaning “City of Allah”? a) Aurangzeb b) Akbar c) Shah Jahan d) Bahadur Shah Zafar
Answer
Answer: b) Akbar
Q.65: Who was responsible for land revenue reforms during Akbar’s reign? a) Birbal b) Todar Mal c) Jai Singh d) Bihari Mal
Answer
Answer: b) Todar Mal
Q.66: Under the “Zabt System,” what portion of actual production was fixed as the state’s demand? a) One-fourth b) One-third c) Half d) One-fifth
Answer
Answer: b) One-third
Q.67: Who initiated the new religion “Din-i-Ilahi”? a) Humayun b) Jahangir c) Akbar d) Shah Jahan
Answer
Answer: c) Akbar
Q.68: Which of the following was illiterate? a) Jahangir b) Shah Jahan c) Akbar d) Aurangzeb
Answer
Answer: c) Akbar
Q.69: Which Mughal emperor is credited with composing Hindi songs? a) Babur b) Akbar c) Jahangir d) Shah Jahan
Answer
Answer: b) Akbar
Q.70: Which of the following was not a reform measure adopted by Akbar? a) Dagh b) Mansabdari System c) Iqta System d) Zabt
Answer
Answer: c) Iqta System
Q.71: What is the meaning of “Jahangir”? a) Lord of the Nation b) Supreme Lord c) World Conqueror d) Hero of a Hundred Battles
Answer
Answer: c) World Conqueror
Q.72: Painting reached its peak during whose reign? a) Akbar b) Aurangzeb c) Jahangir d) Shah Jahan
Answer
Answer: c) Jahangir
Q.73: Which of the following was sent to the royal court of Jahangir as an ambassador by the then King of England, James I? a) John Hawkins b) William Todd c) Sir Thomas Roe d) Sir Walter Raleigh
Answer
Answer: a) John Hawkins
Q.74: In which of the following Mughal buildings was the world-famous ‘Takht-e-Taus’ placed? a) Diwan-e-Khas at Fatehpur Sikri b) Agra’s new fort c) Rang Mahal of Red Fort in Delhi d) Diwan-e-Aam of Red Fort in Delhi
Answer
Answer: d) Diwan-e-Aam of Red Fort in Delhi
Q.75: In which of the following cities did Shah Jahan build the Moti Masjid? a) Delhi b) Jaipur c) Agra d) Amarkot
Answer
Answer: c) Agra
Q.76: Who among the following succeeded Aurangzeb? a) Azam b) Kam Bakhsh c) Akbar II d) Muazzam
Answer
Answer: d) Muazzam
Q.77: The ‘Mir Bakshi’ of Mughal emperors headed which department? a) Intelligence (Secret Information) b) Foreign Affairs c) Military Organization d) Finance
Answer
Answer: c) Military Organization
Q.78: To whom was ‘Inam land’ given? a) Scholars and religious persons b) Hereditary revenue collectors c) Mansabdars d) Nobles
Answer
Answer: a) Scholars and religious persons
Q.79: Which of the following Mughal buildings is said to be exactly equal in length and width? a) Agra Fort b) Red Fort c) Taj Mahal d) Buland Darwaza
Answer
Answer: c) Taj Mahal
Q.80: Which of the following facts about the Taj Mahal is not true? a) It is a grand mausoleum. b) It was built by Shah Jahan. c) It is located outside Agra Fort. d) The names of the artisans who built it are engraved on it.
Answer
Answer: d) The names of the artisans who built it are engraved on it.
Sher Shah
Q.81: During the reign of which of the following rulers was the 1 Rupee coin minted in India? a) Babur b) Sher Shah Suri c) Akbar d) Aurangzeb
Answer
b) Sher Shah Suri
Q.82: What symbolizes the greatness of Sher Shah? a) His campaign of victory against Humayun b) Excellent military leadership c) Administrative reforms d) Religious tolerance
Answer
c) Administrative reforms
Q.83: The Grand Trunk Road built by Sher Shah connected Punjab with which of the following? a) Lahore b) Multan c) Agra d) Eastern Bengal
Answer
d) Eastern Bengal
Marathas: GK MCQs
Q.84: In Shiva ji’ s administration, the ‘Peshwa’ was referred to as a) Minister of Religious Affairs b) Defense Minister c) Prime Minister d) Minister of Justice
Answer
c) Prime Minister
Q.85: Who was the guru (spiritual teacher) of Shiva ji? a) Namdev b) Ramdas c) Eknath d) Tukaram
Answer
b) Ramdas
Q.86: Who did Aurangzeb send to defeat Chhatrapati Shiva ji? a) Raja Jaswant Singh b) Raja Man Singh c) Raja Bhagwan Das d) Raja Jai Singh
Answer
d) Raja Jai Singh
Q.87: Through which treaty did Shiva ji transfer forts to the Mughals? a) Chittor b) Pune c) Purandar d) Torna
Answer
c) Purandar
Q.88: Shiva ji’s coronation took place in- a) 1627 AD b) 1674 AD c) 1680 AD d) 1670 AD
Answer
b) 1674 AD
Q.89: Where was the capital of Shivaji’s kingdom? a) Pune b) Karwar c) Purandar d) Raigad
Answer
d) Raigad
Q.90: Arrange the following treaties in chronological order: (1) Treaty of Amritsar (2) Treaty of Bassein (3) Treaty of Srirangapatnam (4) Treaty of Salbai a) 1, 3, 2, 4 b) 4, 3, 1, 2 c) 4, 3, 2, 1 d) 2, 1, 4, 3
Answer
c) 4, 3, 2, 1
Q.91: Which of the following European powers provided cannons to Shivaji? a) Portuguese b) Dutch c) English d) French
The 54th National Safety Week was observed across India from March 4 to March 10, 2025, to promote safety awareness and accident prevention. This year’s theme, “Safety and Well-being Crucial for Viksit Bharat,” emphasized the role of safety in national development. Activities included workshops, safety drills, and awareness campaigns. Labour and Factories Minister Vasansetty Subhash highlighted the importance of safety for workers, children, women, and the elderly.
The valedictory event at Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (CPCL) focused on using Artificial Intelligence for workplace safety. The event reinforced the collective responsibility to ensure a safer and healthier environment.
CISF Raising Day is celebrated annually on March 10 to commemorate the founding of the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) in 1969. This year, India marks the 56th CISF Raising Day, celebrating the bravery, dedication, and service of CISF personnel who safeguard the nation’s key infrastructure and uphold public security.
The CISF was established under the CISF Act of 1968 and initially comprised 3,129 personnel. Over the years, it has grown to a formidable force of 1,77,713 personnel as of June 2024. The CISF provides security to various critical sectors, including the Department of Space, the Department of Atomic Energy, airports, the Delhi Metro, ports, historical monuments, and key areas of the Indian economy such as petroleum, natural gas, electricity, coal, steel, and mining.
The 56th CISF Raising Day celebrations include parades, cultural programs, and official ceremonies to honor the dedication and sacrifices of CISF personnel. Union Home Minister Amit Shah attended the event in Thakkolam, Tamil Nadu, as the chief guest, emphasizing the crucial role CISF plays in ensuring the development, progress, and mobility of the country.
The CISF has evolved into a multi-dimensional force, providing security across various sectors and recognizing the growing need for specialized personnel. The day is also marked by blood donation drives and health check-up camps across the country, further highlighting the CISF’s commitment to public service.
The second part of the Budget Session of the Indian Parliament commenced on March 10, 2025, and is scheduled to run until April 4, 2025. This session follows the adjournment of the first part on February 13, 2025. The government has prioritized the passage of the Waqf Amendment Bill, which is expected to be a significant point of contention between the ruling party and the Opposition.
The session has already witnessed heated debates, particularly over the National Education Policy (NEP) in Tamil Nadu. The Opposition, led by Rahul Gandhi, has raised concerns about alleged discrepancies in voter lists and the recent violence in Manipur. The government is also keen on discussing the imposition of President’s Rule in Manipur, with Union Home Minister Amit Shah expected to address the issue.
In addition to these key issues, the session will see the introduction of the Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025, aimed at enhancing national security and standardizing immigration procedures. The Lok Sabha will also discuss the Manipur budget, presented by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman.
The second part of the Budget Session is crucial for the passage of several important bills and addressing pressing national issues. The proceedings are being closely watched as the government and the Opposition engage in intense debates and discussions.
Madhav National Park in Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh, has been declared a new tiger reserve. Chief Minister Dr. Mohan Yadav and Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia released a tigress to mark the announcement. A 13 km-long protective wall has also been inaugurated.
The reserve is expected to boost tiger population in the Chambal region and attract more tourists, aiding development. With its proximity to Kuno National Park, visitors can now see both tigers and leopards in one trip. The current tiger count in the park is six, with one more to be added soon.
The World Para Athletics Grand Prix 2025 is set to be a landmark event in the world of para-athletics. Hosted at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in New Delhi, India, from March 11 to 13, this event marks India’s first major international para-athletics competition.
A total of 283 para-athletes from 20 countries will compete in 90 athletics events, making it one of the largest para-athletics events ever hosted by India. The Indian contingent, led by Paralympic gold medallists Praveen Kumar, Navdeep Singh, and Dharambir, will be looking to make a strong impression on home soil.
The Grand Prix serves as a preparatory tournament for the World Para Athletics Championships later this year, adding an extra layer of significance to the competition. Notable international athletes, including Australia’s three-time Paralympic champion Vanessa Low and Brazil’s speedsters Joeferson Marinho and Bartolomeu Chaves, will also be participating.
The 12th edition of the India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise, KHANJAR-XII, commenced on 10 March 2025 in Kyrgyzstan and will run for 14 days until 23 March 2025. The exercise aims to exchange experiences and enhance cooperation in Counter-Terrorism and Special Forces Operations, focusing on urban and mountainous high-altitude terrains.
Key areas of focus include sniping, complex building interventions, and mountain craft to enhance the Special Forces’ skills. The exercise is also aimed at strengthening defense ties between the two nations while addressing shared concerns about international terrorism and extremism.
KHANJAR has been an annual event since 2011, alternating between India and Kyrgyzstan. The previous edition was held in India in January 2024.
Team India created history by winning the ICC Champions Trophy 2025 for a record third time after defeating New Zealand by four wickets in the final at the Dubai International Cricket Stadium on 9 March 2025.
Chasing 252, India reached the target with an over to spare. Rohit Sharma (76) and Shubman Gill (31) provided a strong start with a 105-run partnership. Later contributions from Shreyas Iyer (48), Axar Patel (29), and Hardik Pandya (18) helped secure victory. Ravindra Jadeja hit the winning shot, while KL Rahul remained unbeaten on 34.
For New Zealand, Daryl Mitchell (63) and Michael Bracewell (51 not out off 39 balls) were key contributors as they posted 251/7 in 50 overs. Indian spinners Varun Chakaravarthy and Kuldeep Yadav took two wickets each, while Mohammed Shami and Ravindra Jadeja also chipped in.
Rohit Sharma was named Player of the Match, while Rachin Ravindra won Player of the Series. This victory marked India’s second ICC trophy in two years, following their T20 World Cup triumph in 2024.
Mark Carney has been elected as the new leader of Canada’s Liberal Party and will soon be sworn in as Prime Minister, replacing Justin Trudeau, who resigned in January.
Carney, 59, previously served as Governor of the Bank of Canada and later made history in 2013 as the first non-citizen to lead the Bank of England. His leadership comes at a crucial time, as Canada faces trade tensions and annexation threats from US President Donald Trump. In his acceptance speech, Carney warned of “dark days” and pledged to maintain retaliatory tariffs on US goods until mutual respect is restored.
