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SpaceX and NASA have launched the Crew-10 mission to bring back US astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore, who have been stranded on the International Space Station (ISS) for nine months.
This mission not only aims to rescue Williams and Wilmore but also delivers four new astronauts to the ISS: ✅ Anne McClain & Nichole Ayers (NASA) ✅ Takuya Onishi (JAXA – Japan) ✅ Kirill Peskov (Roscosmos – Russia)
Why Were Williams & Wilmore Stranded?
🛰️ They arrived at the ISS in June 2024 aboard Boeing’s Starliner capsule, which was meant to be a short test flight. ⚠️ However, helium leaks & thruster failures led to months of investigation, delaying their return.
NASA & Boeing’s Efforts
After extensive analysis, NASA and Boeing, along with SpaceX, devised a solution to safely return the astronauts. The Crew-10 mission is a significant step in ensuring the success of future space operations.
India has achieved a major milestone in its defense capabilities with the successful test launch of the Astra Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM) from the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) AF MK1 prototype on 12 March 2025. The test was conducted off the coast of Chandipur, Odisha, marking a significant step toward the advancement of India’s indigenous defense technology.
Astra Missile Test: A Remarkable Success
The Astra missile, developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), successfully hit a flying target with pinpoint accuracy, demonstrating its advanced capabilities. All subsystems performed optimally, meeting the mission’s parameters and objectives.
Key Features of Astra Missile:
✔ Beyond Visual Range (BVR): Engages targets over 100 km away. ✔ Advanced Guidance & Navigation: Ensures high precision and effectiveness. ✔ Enhances IAF’s Combat Readiness: Already inducted into the Indian Air Force (IAF).
A Step Toward LCA AF MK1A Induction
This successful test is a crucial step toward the induction of the LCA AF MK1A variant, reinforcing India’s commitment to strengthening its indigenous defense systems. The achievement was made possible by the dedicated efforts of ADA, DRDO, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), CEMILAC, DG-AQA, IAF, and the test range team.
Leaders Applaud the Achievement
Defence Minister Rajnath Singh congratulated the teams involved, while Dr. Samir V. Kamat, Chairman of DRDO, praised the collaborative efforts of scientists, engineers, and technicians from multiple organizations and industries.
India has made a remarkable achievement in the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2025, with nine prestigious universities securing positions among the world’s top 50 across various disciplines. According to the 15th edition of the QS rankings, announced on March 12, 2025, India celebrates 12 top 50 positions across different subjects and faculty areas.
Top Indian Universities in QS Subject Rankings 2025
Leading the way is the Indian School of Mines (ISM) Dhanbad, which ranks 20th globally in Engineering-Mineral and Mining, making it the highest-ranked subject area for India.
Other notable rankings include:
IIT Bombay – 28th position in Engineering-Mineral and Mining
IIT Kharagpur – 45th position in Engineering-Mineral and Mining
IIT Delhi – 26th position in Engineering and Technology
IIT Bombay – 28th position in Engineering and Technology
IIM Ahmedabad – 27th position in Business and Management Studies
IIM Bangalore – 40th position in Business and Management Studies
IIT Madras – Featured in the top 50 for Petroleum Engineering
Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) – Featured in the top 50 for Development Studies
India’s Higher Education Growth Reflected in QS Rankings
QS reports that a total of 79 Indian universities, 10 more than last year, have been featured 533 times across the 2025 QS subject rankings. This marks a 25.7% increase compared to the previous edition. India ranks 5th globally for the highest number of new entries, following China, the USA, the UK, and South Korea.
This growth highlights India’s expanding higher education ecosystem, both in terms of size and quality. With an increasing number of Indian institutions making their mark globally, the country continues to establish itself as a hub for world-class education and research.
Why These Rankings Matter?
The QS World University Rankings by Subject are highly regarded worldwide and help students, researchers, and academic institutions assess global educational excellence. India’s strong performance reflects improving academic standards, enhanced research output, and growing global recognition of its institutions.
MCQs on QS World University Rankings 2025
Q: According to the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2025, how many Indian universities are among the world’s top 50?
a) 5 b) 7 c) 9 d) 12
Answer: c) 9
Q: Which Indian institution secured the highest rank in the QS Subject Rankings 2025?
a) IIT Bombay b) IIT Delhi c) Indian School of Mines (ISM) Dhanbad d) IIM Ahmedabad
Answer: c) Indian School of Mines (ISM) Dhanbad
Q: Which two IITs ranked in the top 50 for Engineering and Technology?
a) IIT Madras and IIT Delhi b) IIT Kharagpur and IIT Roorkee c) IIT Delhi and IIT Bombay d) IIT Kanpur and IIT Guwahati
Answer: c) IIT Delhi and IIT Bombay
Q: Which Indian institutions ranked in the top 50 for Business and Management Studies?
a) IIM Ahmedabad and IIM Bangalore b) IIT Delhi and IIT Bombay c) IIM Calcutta and IIM Indore d) IIT Madras and IIT Kanpur
Atul Kumar Goel assumed the role of Chief Executive (CE) of the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) on March 11, 2025. With a distinguished career spanning over three decades in the banking sector, Goel brings a wealth of experience and expertise to his new position.
Prior to this appointment, Goel served as the Managing Director (MD) and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Punjab National Bank (PNB) from February 2022 to December 2024. He also held the position of Chairman of the IBA for two consecutive terms, from 2021 to 2022 and again from 2022 to 2023. His predecessor, Sunil Mehta, also had a notable tenure as MD & CEO of PNB and Chairman of the IBA.
Goel’s extensive banking experience includes key roles at Allahabad Bank (now Indian Bank), Union Bank of India, and UCO Bank. As a qualified Chartered Accountant, he has demonstrated exceptional leadership and strategic vision throughout his career.
The IBA, under Goel’s leadership, is expected to continue its mission of representing and advocating for the banking industry in India, addressing key issues, and fostering collaboration among member banks.
India is rapidly emerging as a global leader in Web3, with a report (March 2025) predicting it will become the largest hub for Web3 developers by 2028.
The ‘India Web3 Landscape’ report by Hashed Emergent highlights that in 2024, 4.7 million Indian developers joined GitHub, accounting for 17% of all new Web3 developers globally, making India the second-largest base for crypto developers.
Key development areas include gaming, NFTs, DeFi, and RWAs. Over half of Indian Web3 developers joined in the past two years, and most are under 27 years old.
Hackathons and university partnerships in Odisha, Bhubaneswar, Chennai, and Kerala are helping introduce blockchain technology to students.
India ranks third globally in Web3 startup founders, with over 1,200 startups. Investor confidence has surged, with a 109% increase in funding in 2024, totaling $564 million.
The report highlights AI, RWAs, and staking solutions as major investment drivers, with both global and local venture capital firms heavily investing in Layer 1 and Layer 2 blockchain projects.
Reliance Jio, a leading telecommunications company in India, announced on March 12, 2025, that it has entered into a significant agreement with Elon Musk’s SpaceX to bring Starlink’s satellite-based internet services to the country. This partnership aims to enhance internet connectivity across India, particularly in rural and remote areas where traditional broadband infrastructure is lacking.
Under the agreement, Jio will make Starlink equipment available through its retail outlets and online platforms, providing installation support to customers. This collaboration is expected to complement Jio’s existing broadband services, such as JioFiber and JioAirFiber, by extending high-speed internet access to even the most challenging locations.
The deal, however, is contingent upon SpaceX receiving the necessary regulatory approvals from the Indian government. Once approved, this partnership could revolutionize India’s internet landscape, offering reliable and affordable broadband services to millions of people.
This move comes shortly after Jio’s rival, Bharti Airtel, signed a similar agreement with SpaceX, signaling a competitive push towards satellite-based internet services in India. Both telecom giants are now poised to leverage Starlink’s low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite technology to bridge the digital divide and ensure seamless connectivity across the nation.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has become the first Indian to receive the highest civilian award of Mauritius, Grand Commander of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean.
Mauritius Prime Minister Dr. Navinchandra Ramgoolam announced the award during an Indian diaspora event in Port Louis on 11 March 2025. This marks Modi’s 21st international accolade.
Addressing the Indian community, Modi expressed gratitude, calling it an honour for India-Mauritius ties. He highlighted the deep-rooted cultural connection between the two nations.
In a special gesture, Modi announced Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cards for Mauritius PM Navinchandra Ramgoolam and his spouse Veena Ramgoolam.
The event, attended by 3,500 people, included Mauritius Cabinet members, officials, and National Assembly members. Later, Modi will hold a bilateral meeting with PM Ramgoolam.
Armed militants hijacked a passenger train in Pakistan’s Balochistan province on March 11, 2025. The attackers, identified as members of the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA), blew up the railway track, forcing the train to stop in a remote area. They then boarded the train and took control, separating men from women.
The Pakistani security forces launched an operation, rescuing more than 100 passengers while killing 16 militants. However, the exchange of heavy gunfire resulted in the deaths of at least 20 soldiers. The BLA claimed responsibility for the attack, continuing its insurgency against the Pakistani state.
Balochistan, Pakistan’s largest but poorest province, has long been home to separatist movements. Militants claim that the region’s natural resources are exploited by outsiders, leaving little benefit for locals.
Medieval History of India GK MCQ questions for Competitive Exams in English. Important General Knowledge MCQs from previous year exam question papers.
Medieval History of India MCQs
Early Medieval Period
Q.1: Which of the following Tomar rulers is credited with establishing the city of Delhi? a) Anangpal b) Wazat c) Rudane d) Devaraj
Answer
Answer: a) Anangpal
Q.2: In which of the following years did Muhammad-bin-Qasim conquer Sindh? a) 712 CE b) 812 CE c) 912 CE d) 1012 CE
Answer
Answer: a) 712 CE
Q.3: Which of the following famous temples did Mahmud of Ghazni attack? a) Belur b) Halebid c) Somnath d) Konark
Answer
Answer: c) Somnath
Q.4: Who defeated Prithviraj in the second battle of Tarain? a) Mahmud of Ghazni b) Qutb-ud-din Aibak c) Muhammad Ghori d) Alauddin Khilji
Answer
Answer: c) Muhammad Ghori
Q.5: Whom did Muhammad Ghori leave behind to take care of the conquered territories? a) Nasiruddin b) Iltutmish c) Qutb-ud-din Aibak d) Malik Kafur
Answer
Answer: c) Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Q.6: Which of the following Rajput kings defeated Muhammad Ghori for the first time? a) Prithviraj III b) Baghel Bhim c) Jaychandra d) Kumarpal
Answer
Answer: b) Baghel Bhim
Q.7: Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Birth of Prophet Muhammad (B) Rise of the Gupta dynasty in India (C) Completion of the Roman Colosseum (D) Peter the Great becomes Tsar of Russia a) (C), (B), (A), (D) b) (A), (C), (D), (B) c) (B), (D), (C), (A) d) (D), (A), (C), (B)
Answer
Answer: a) (C), (B), (A), (D)
Sultanate Period: Medieval History MCQs
Q.8: Who among the following built the ‘Quwwat-ul-Islam’ Mosque (Delhi)? a) Qutb-ud-din Aibak b) Alauddin Khilji c) Iltutmish d) Muhammad Adil Shah
Answer
Answer: a) Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Q.9: Which Sultan of Delhi died while playing polo? a) Qutb-ud-din Aibak b) Alauddin Khilji c) Firoz Shah Tughlaq d) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
Answer
Answer: a) Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Q.10: Before becoming the Sultan of Delhi, Balban was the Prime Minister of which Sultan? a) Nasiruddin b) Qutb-ud-din Aibak c) Bahram Shah d) Aram Shah
Answer
Answer: a) Nasiruddin
Q.11: During whose reign did Genghis Khan attack the borders of India while chasing Jalaluddin? a) Qutb-ud-din Aibak b) Iltutmish c) Balban d) Nasiruddin Khusrau
Answer
Answer: b) Iltutmish
Q.12: Who introduced the famous Persian festival of Nowruz? a) Alauddin Khilji b) Iltutmish c) Firoz Tughlaq d) Balban
Answer
Answer: d) Balban
Q.13: Who was the only queen among the following to rule over Delhi? a) Razia Sultan b) Chand Bibi c) Mehrunnisa d) Hazrat Mahal
Answer
Answer: a) Razia Sultan
Q.14: Which were the two dynasties that ruled immediately before and after the Khilji rulers? a) Slave and Lodi b) Sayyid and Lodi c) Slave and Tughlaq d) Tughlaq and Lodi
Answer
Answer: c) Slave and Tughlaq
Q.15: Which Sultan of Delhi established a department of employment, a charity department, and a philanthropic hospital? a) Firoz Tughlaq b) Muhammad Tughlaq c) Alauddin Khilji d) Balban
Answer
Answer: a) Firoz Tughlaq
Q.16: During whose reign did the Mongols invade the most? a) Balban b) Alauddin Khilji c) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq d) Firoz Tughlaq
Answer
Answer: b) Alauddin Khilji
Q.17: Malik Kafur was a general of a) Sikandar Lodi b) Qutb-ud-din Aibak c) Alauddin Khilji d) Humayun
Answer
Answer: c) Alauddin Khilji
Q.18: Which Khilji ruler killed his father-in-law to ascend the throne of Delhi? a) Qutb-ud-din Aibak b) Jalaluddin Khilji c) Ghiyasuddin d) Alauddin Khilji
Answer
Answer: d) Alauddin Khilji
Q.19: The market regulation system was initiated by: a) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq b) Iltutmish c) Alauddin Khilji d) Ghiyasuddin
Answer
Answer: c) Alauddin Khilji
Q.20: Which Sultan of Delhi has been described by historians as a “mixture of contradictions”? a) Balban b) Ibrahim Lodi c) Alauddin Khilji d) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
Answer
Answer: d) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
Q.21: Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq excelled in – a) Art b) Music c) Calligraphy d) Philosophy
Answer
Answer: d) Philosophy
Q.22: The Qutub Minar, as we see it today, was ultimately rebuilt by? a) Balban b) Alauddin Khilji c) Sikandar Lodi d) Firoz Tughlaq
Answer
Answer: d) Firoz Tughlaq
Q.23: Arrange the dynasties of the Sultans of Delhi in chronological order: 1.Khilji 2.Tughlaq 3.Sayyid 4.Slave (a) 4, 1, 3, 2 (b) 1, 4, 2, 3 (c) 1, 2, 3, 4 (d) 4, 1, 2, 3
Answer
Answer: (d) 4, 1, 2, 3
Q.24: During whose reign did Ibn Battuta visit India? a) Iltutmish b) Alauddin Khilji c) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq d) Balban
Answer
Answer: c) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
Q.25: Who was the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty? a) Bahlul Lodi b) Ibrahim Lodi c) Daulat Khan Lodi d) Sikandar Lodi
Answer
Answer: b) Ibrahim Lodi
Q.26: Who founded the Lodi dynasty? a) Ibrahim Lodi b) Sikandar Lodi c) Bahlul Lodi d) Khizr Khan
Answer
Answer: c) Bahlul Lodi
Sufi and Bhakti Movement: Medieval History MCQs
Q.27: Who established the Chishti order in India? a) Nizamuddin Auliya b) Salim Chishti c) Sheikh Moinuddin Chishti d) Hamiduddin Nagori
Answer
Answer: c) Sheikh Moinuddin Chishti
Q.28: Who organized the first Bhakti movement? a) Nanak b) Meera c) Ramdas d) Ramanujacharya
Answer
Answer: d) Ramanujacharya
Q.29: Which of the following Sufi saints believed that devotional music is the path to reaching God? a) Sheikh Moinuddin Chishti b) Baba Farid c) Sayyid Muhammad d) Shah Alam Bukhari
Answer
Answer: a) Sheikh Moinuddin Chishti
Q.30: The contribution of the saints of the Bhakti and Sufi movements was in a) Religious harmony b) National unity c) Unity between Hindus and Muslims d) Social harmony
Answer
Answer: a) Religious harmony
Q.31: Match the founders (List-I) with the Bhakti sects (List-II) and choose the correct answer using the code given below:
List-I
List-II
(A) Shankaradev
1. Mahanubhav Panth
(B) Jagjivan
2. Alakhnami
(C) Lalgin or Lalbeg
3. Satnami
(D) Govind Prabhu
4. Ek-Sharan-Dharma
Medieval History MCQ in English
A B C D a) 4 3 2 1 b) 4 2 1 3 c) 1 4 3 2 d) 1 2 4 3
Answer
a) 4 3 2 1
Q.32: The Alvar saints originated from which of the following modern states? a) Tamil Nadu b) Kerala c) Karnataka d) Maharashtra
Answer
Answer: a) Tamil Nadu
Q.33: Bhakti preacher Shankaradev popularized which regional language through his teachings? a) Assamese b) Bengali c) Braj Bhasha d) Awadhi
Answer
Answer: a) Assamese
Q.34: Who among the following is considered the creator of the sitar? a) Miyan Tansen b) Baiju Bawra c) Amir Khusro d) Bade Ghulam Ali Khan
Answer
Answer: c) Amir Khusro
Medieval Regional States: Medieval History MCQ
Q.35: Who founded the ‘Vijayanagar Kingdom’? a) Tuluva dynasty b) Sangama dynasty c) Saluva dynasty d) Devaraya dynasty
Answer
Answer: b) Sangama dynasty
Q.36: The rulers of Vijayanagar encouraged – a) Hindi, Marathi, and Sanskrit b) Malayalam, Tamil, and Sanskrit c) Tamil, Telugu, and Sanskrit d) Telugu, Urdu, and Sanskrit
Answer
Answer: c) Tamil, Telugu, and Sanskrit
Q.37: Which book was written by Krishnadevaraya? a) Mitakshara b) Rajatarangini c) Karpur Manjari d) Amuktamalyada
Answer
Answer: d) Amuktamalyada
Q.38: ‘Amuktamalyada’ is the work of a) Allasani Peddana b) Krishnadevaraya c) Vaccharaja d) Kharavela
Answer
Answer: b) Krishnadevaraya
Q.39: The medieval city of Vijayanagar is known today as – a) Chandragiri b) Halebidu c) Hampi d) Kondavidu
Answer
Answer: c) Hampi
Q.40: Who constructed the ‘Raya Gopurams’ in front of the temples in Hampi, Tiruvannamalai, Chidambaram, Srirangam, Tirupati, etc.? a) Vidyaranya b) Krishnadevaraya c) Harihara d) Rajaraja
Answer
Answer: b) Krishnadevaraya
Q.41: When was the famous Battle of Talikota fought? a) 1565 CE b) 1575 CE c) 1585 CE d) 1570 CE
Answer
Answer: a) 1565 CE
Q.42: Who built the ‘Gol Gumbaz’ in Bijapur, the second-largest dome in the world, famous for its whispering gallery? a) Mahmud Gawan b) Yusuf Adil Shah c) Ismail Adil Shah d) Muhammad Adil Shah
Answer
Answer: d) Muhammad Adil Shah
Q.43: Where is the Gol Gumbaz located? a) Konark b) Hyderabad c) Puri d) Bijapur
Answer
Answer: d) Bijapur
Q.44: Who built the ‘Kirti Stambh’ of Chittor? a) Rana Pratap b) Rana Kumbha c) Rana Sanga d) Bappa Rawal
Answer
Answer: b) Rana Kumbha
Q.45: The capital of the Bahmani rulers was – a) Gulbarga b) Bijapur c) Belgaum d) Raichur
Answer
Answer: a) Gulbarga
Q.46: The famous Muslim ruler Chand Bibi belonged to which state? a) Bijapur b) Golconda c) Ahmadnagar d) Berar
Answer
Answer: c) Ahmadnagar
Q.47: The famous Kohinoor diamond was mined from which mine? a) Odisha b) Chota Nagpur c) Bojapur d) Golconda
Answer
Answer: d) Golconda
Mughal Period
Q.48: From which of the following battles was the foundation of the Mughal Empire laid in India? a) Battle of Plassey b) Battle of Talikota c) First Battle of Panipat d) Battle of Haldighati
Answer
Answer: c) First Battle of Panipat
Q.49: After which battle was the Mughal rule established in India? a) First Battle of Tarain b) Second Battle of Tarain c) First Battle of Panipat d) Second Battle of Panipat
Answer
Answer: c) First Battle of Panipat
Q.50: Which Mughal ruler gave a detailed description of Indian flora, fauna, seasons, and fruits in his daily diary? a) Akbar b) Jahangir c) Babur d) Aurangzeb
Answer
Answer: c) Babur
Q.51: The Rajput king defeated by Babur in the Battle of Khanwa was – a) Rana Sanga b) Rudra Dev c) Uday Singh d) Rana Pratap Singh
Answer
Answer: a) Rana Sanga
Q.52: Who wrote the “Humayun Nama”? a) Humayun b) Akbar c) Abul Fazl d) Gulbadan Begum
Answer
Answer: d) Gulbadan Begum
Q.53: After losing which battle did Humayun have to flee from India? a) Khanwa b) Kannauj c) Panipat d) Ghaghra
Answer
Answer: b) Kannauj
Q.54: Which Mughal emperor discouraged the practice of Sati? a) Babur b) Humayun c) Akbar d) Jahangir
Answer
Answer: c) Akbar
Q.55: “Razmnama” is the Persian translation of which of the following? a) Mahabharata b) Ramayana c) Panchatantra d) Kathasaritsagara
Answer
Answer: a) Mahabharata
Q.56: Where did Akbar build the Panch Mahal, known for its pillars? a) Lahore b) Fatehpur Sikri c) Agra d) Sikandra
Answer
Answer: b) Fatehpur Sikri
Q.57: Famous musicians Tansen and Baiju Bawra were renowned during whose reign? a) Jahangir b) Bahadur Shah Zafar c) Akbar d) Shah Jahan
Answer
Answer: c) Akbar
Q.58: Who was the famous Jain scholar highly respected by Akbar? a) Hemchandra b) Harivijaya c) Vastupal d) Bhadrabahu
Answer
Answer: b) Harivijaya
Q.59: Who is the author of the book “Ain-i-Akbari”? a) Akbar b) Abul Fazl c) Firdausi d) Jahangir
Answer
Answer: b) Abul Fazl
Q.60: The Battle of Haldighati was fought between whom? a) Akbar and Rana Sangram Singh b) Akbar and Medini Rai c) Akbar and Rana Pratap Singh d) Akbar and Uday Singh
Answer
Answer: c) Akbar and Rana Pratap Singh
Q.61: The Buland Darwaza was constructed to commemorate Akbar’s victory over which region? a) Malwa b) Deccan c) Bengal d) Gujarat
Answer
Answer: d) Gujarat
Q.62: Who initiated the “Mansabdari System”? a) Akbar b) Shah Jahan c) Jahangir d) Babur
Answer
Answer: a) Akbar
Q.63: Which of the following is not located in Fatehpur Sikri? a) Panch Mahal b) Moti Masjid c) Tomb of Salim Chishti d) Mariam Palace
Answer
Answer: b) Moti Masjid
Q.64: Who renamed the city of Prayag as Allahabad, meaning “City of Allah”? a) Aurangzeb b) Akbar c) Shah Jahan d) Bahadur Shah Zafar
Answer
Answer: b) Akbar
Q.65: Who was responsible for land revenue reforms during Akbar’s reign? a) Birbal b) Todar Mal c) Jai Singh d) Bihari Mal
Answer
Answer: b) Todar Mal
Q.66: Under the “Zabt System,” what portion of actual production was fixed as the state’s demand? a) One-fourth b) One-third c) Half d) One-fifth
Answer
Answer: b) One-third
Q.67: Who initiated the new religion “Din-i-Ilahi”? a) Humayun b) Jahangir c) Akbar d) Shah Jahan
Answer
Answer: c) Akbar
Q.68: Which of the following was illiterate? a) Jahangir b) Shah Jahan c) Akbar d) Aurangzeb
Answer
Answer: c) Akbar
Q.69: Which Mughal emperor is credited with composing Hindi songs? a) Babur b) Akbar c) Jahangir d) Shah Jahan
Answer
Answer: b) Akbar
Q.70: Which of the following was not a reform measure adopted by Akbar? a) Dagh b) Mansabdari System c) Iqta System d) Zabt
Answer
Answer: c) Iqta System
Q.71: What is the meaning of “Jahangir”? a) Lord of the Nation b) Supreme Lord c) World Conqueror d) Hero of a Hundred Battles
Answer
Answer: c) World Conqueror
Q.72: Painting reached its peak during whose reign? a) Akbar b) Aurangzeb c) Jahangir d) Shah Jahan
Answer
Answer: c) Jahangir
Q.73: Which of the following was sent to the royal court of Jahangir as an ambassador by the then King of England, James I? a) John Hawkins b) William Todd c) Sir Thomas Roe d) Sir Walter Raleigh
Answer
Answer: a) John Hawkins
Q.74: In which of the following Mughal buildings was the world-famous ‘Takht-e-Taus’ placed? a) Diwan-e-Khas at Fatehpur Sikri b) Agra’s new fort c) Rang Mahal of Red Fort in Delhi d) Diwan-e-Aam of Red Fort in Delhi
Answer
Answer: d) Diwan-e-Aam of Red Fort in Delhi
Q.75: In which of the following cities did Shah Jahan build the Moti Masjid? a) Delhi b) Jaipur c) Agra d) Amarkot
Answer
Answer: c) Agra
Q.76: Who among the following succeeded Aurangzeb? a) Azam b) Kam Bakhsh c) Akbar II d) Muazzam
Answer
Answer: d) Muazzam
Q.77: The ‘Mir Bakshi’ of Mughal emperors headed which department? a) Intelligence (Secret Information) b) Foreign Affairs c) Military Organization d) Finance
Answer
Answer: c) Military Organization
Q.78: To whom was ‘Inam land’ given? a) Scholars and religious persons b) Hereditary revenue collectors c) Mansabdars d) Nobles
Answer
Answer: a) Scholars and religious persons
Q.79: Which of the following Mughal buildings is said to be exactly equal in length and width? a) Agra Fort b) Red Fort c) Taj Mahal d) Buland Darwaza
Answer
Answer: c) Taj Mahal
Q.80: Which of the following facts about the Taj Mahal is not true? a) It is a grand mausoleum. b) It was built by Shah Jahan. c) It is located outside Agra Fort. d) The names of the artisans who built it are engraved on it.
Answer
Answer: d) The names of the artisans who built it are engraved on it.
Sher Shah
Q.81: During the reign of which of the following rulers was the 1 Rupee coin minted in India? a) Babur b) Sher Shah Suri c) Akbar d) Aurangzeb
Answer
b) Sher Shah Suri
Q.82: What symbolizes the greatness of Sher Shah? a) His campaign of victory against Humayun b) Excellent military leadership c) Administrative reforms d) Religious tolerance
Answer
c) Administrative reforms
Q.83: The Grand Trunk Road built by Sher Shah connected Punjab with which of the following? a) Lahore b) Multan c) Agra d) Eastern Bengal
Answer
d) Eastern Bengal
Marathas: GK MCQs
Q.84: In Shiva ji’ s administration, the ‘Peshwa’ was referred to as a) Minister of Religious Affairs b) Defense Minister c) Prime Minister d) Minister of Justice
Answer
c) Prime Minister
Q.85: Who was the guru (spiritual teacher) of Shiva ji? a) Namdev b) Ramdas c) Eknath d) Tukaram
Answer
b) Ramdas
Q.86: Who did Aurangzeb send to defeat Chhatrapati Shiva ji? a) Raja Jaswant Singh b) Raja Man Singh c) Raja Bhagwan Das d) Raja Jai Singh
Answer
d) Raja Jai Singh
Q.87: Through which treaty did Shiva ji transfer forts to the Mughals? a) Chittor b) Pune c) Purandar d) Torna
Answer
c) Purandar
Q.88: Shiva ji’s coronation took place in- a) 1627 AD b) 1674 AD c) 1680 AD d) 1670 AD
Answer
b) 1674 AD
Q.89: Where was the capital of Shivaji’s kingdom? a) Pune b) Karwar c) Purandar d) Raigad
Answer
d) Raigad
Q.90: Arrange the following treaties in chronological order: (1) Treaty of Amritsar (2) Treaty of Bassein (3) Treaty of Srirangapatnam (4) Treaty of Salbai a) 1, 3, 2, 4 b) 4, 3, 1, 2 c) 4, 3, 2, 1 d) 2, 1, 4, 3
Answer
c) 4, 3, 2, 1
Q.91: Which of the following European powers provided cannons to Shivaji? a) Portuguese b) Dutch c) English d) French
The 54th National Safety Week was observed across India from March 4 to March 10, 2025, to promote safety awareness and accident prevention. This year’s theme, “Safety and Well-being Crucial for Viksit Bharat,” emphasized the role of safety in national development. Activities included workshops, safety drills, and awareness campaigns. Labour and Factories Minister Vasansetty Subhash highlighted the importance of safety for workers, children, women, and the elderly.
The valedictory event at Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (CPCL) focused on using Artificial Intelligence for workplace safety. The event reinforced the collective responsibility to ensure a safer and healthier environment.
CISF Raising Day is celebrated annually on March 10 to commemorate the founding of the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) in 1969. This year, India marks the 56th CISF Raising Day, celebrating the bravery, dedication, and service of CISF personnel who safeguard the nation’s key infrastructure and uphold public security.
The CISF was established under the CISF Act of 1968 and initially comprised 3,129 personnel. Over the years, it has grown to a formidable force of 1,77,713 personnel as of June 2024. The CISF provides security to various critical sectors, including the Department of Space, the Department of Atomic Energy, airports, the Delhi Metro, ports, historical monuments, and key areas of the Indian economy such as petroleum, natural gas, electricity, coal, steel, and mining.
The 56th CISF Raising Day celebrations include parades, cultural programs, and official ceremonies to honor the dedication and sacrifices of CISF personnel. Union Home Minister Amit Shah attended the event in Thakkolam, Tamil Nadu, as the chief guest, emphasizing the crucial role CISF plays in ensuring the development, progress, and mobility of the country.
The CISF has evolved into a multi-dimensional force, providing security across various sectors and recognizing the growing need for specialized personnel. The day is also marked by blood donation drives and health check-up camps across the country, further highlighting the CISF’s commitment to public service.
The second part of the Budget Session of the Indian Parliament commenced on March 10, 2025, and is scheduled to run until April 4, 2025. This session follows the adjournment of the first part on February 13, 2025. The government has prioritized the passage of the Waqf Amendment Bill, which is expected to be a significant point of contention between the ruling party and the Opposition.
The session has already witnessed heated debates, particularly over the National Education Policy (NEP) in Tamil Nadu. The Opposition, led by Rahul Gandhi, has raised concerns about alleged discrepancies in voter lists and the recent violence in Manipur. The government is also keen on discussing the imposition of President’s Rule in Manipur, with Union Home Minister Amit Shah expected to address the issue.
In addition to these key issues, the session will see the introduction of the Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025, aimed at enhancing national security and standardizing immigration procedures. The Lok Sabha will also discuss the Manipur budget, presented by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman.
The second part of the Budget Session is crucial for the passage of several important bills and addressing pressing national issues. The proceedings are being closely watched as the government and the Opposition engage in intense debates and discussions.
Madhav National Park in Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh, has been declared a new tiger reserve. Chief Minister Dr. Mohan Yadav and Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia released a tigress to mark the announcement. A 13 km-long protective wall has also been inaugurated.
The reserve is expected to boost tiger population in the Chambal region and attract more tourists, aiding development. With its proximity to Kuno National Park, visitors can now see both tigers and leopards in one trip. The current tiger count in the park is six, with one more to be added soon.
The World Para Athletics Grand Prix 2025 is set to be a landmark event in the world of para-athletics. Hosted at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in New Delhi, India, from March 11 to 13, this event marks India’s first major international para-athletics competition.
A total of 283 para-athletes from 20 countries will compete in 90 athletics events, making it one of the largest para-athletics events ever hosted by India. The Indian contingent, led by Paralympic gold medallists Praveen Kumar, Navdeep Singh, and Dharambir, will be looking to make a strong impression on home soil.
The Grand Prix serves as a preparatory tournament for the World Para Athletics Championships later this year, adding an extra layer of significance to the competition. Notable international athletes, including Australia’s three-time Paralympic champion Vanessa Low and Brazil’s speedsters Joeferson Marinho and Bartolomeu Chaves, will also be participating.
The 12th edition of the India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise, KHANJAR-XII, commenced on 10 March 2025 in Kyrgyzstan and will run for 14 days until 23 March 2025. The exercise aims to exchange experiences and enhance cooperation in Counter-Terrorism and Special Forces Operations, focusing on urban and mountainous high-altitude terrains.
Key areas of focus include sniping, complex building interventions, and mountain craft to enhance the Special Forces’ skills. The exercise is also aimed at strengthening defense ties between the two nations while addressing shared concerns about international terrorism and extremism.
KHANJAR has been an annual event since 2011, alternating between India and Kyrgyzstan. The previous edition was held in India in January 2024.
Team India created history by winning the ICC Champions Trophy 2025 for a record third time after defeating New Zealand by four wickets in the final at the Dubai International Cricket Stadium on 9 March 2025.
Chasing 252, India reached the target with an over to spare. Rohit Sharma (76) and Shubman Gill (31) provided a strong start with a 105-run partnership. Later contributions from Shreyas Iyer (48), Axar Patel (29), and Hardik Pandya (18) helped secure victory. Ravindra Jadeja hit the winning shot, while KL Rahul remained unbeaten on 34.
For New Zealand, Daryl Mitchell (63) and Michael Bracewell (51 not out off 39 balls) were key contributors as they posted 251/7 in 50 overs. Indian spinners Varun Chakaravarthy and Kuldeep Yadav took two wickets each, while Mohammed Shami and Ravindra Jadeja also chipped in.
Rohit Sharma was named Player of the Match, while Rachin Ravindra won Player of the Series. This victory marked India’s second ICC trophy in two years, following their T20 World Cup triumph in 2024.
Mark Carney has been elected as the new leader of Canada’s Liberal Party and will soon be sworn in as Prime Minister, replacing Justin Trudeau, who resigned in January.
Carney, 59, previously served as Governor of the Bank of Canada and later made history in 2013 as the first non-citizen to lead the Bank of England. His leadership comes at a crucial time, as Canada faces trade tensions and annexation threats from US President Donald Trump. In his acceptance speech, Carney warned of “dark days” and pledged to maintain retaliatory tariffs on US goods until mutual respect is restored.
International Women’s Day 2025 was celebrated on March 8 with the theme “For ALL Women and Girls: Rights, Equality, Empowerment.” The theme emphasizes equal rights, opportunities, and empowerment for all, particularly focusing on youth and young women as drivers of change.
This year also marks the 30th anniversary of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, a key global framework for women’s rights. The occasion calls for engaging media, corporate leaders, governments, and civil society to take action in promoting gender equality. People are encouraged to spread awareness using the hashtag #ForAllWomenAndGirls to inspire change.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to embark on a two-day state visit to Mauritius from March 11 to 12, 2025. This visit is at the invitation of the Prime Minister of Mauritius, Navin Ramgoolam, and will see Modi attending the National Day celebrations of Mauritius on March 12 as the chief guest.
During his visit, Prime Minister Modi will call on the President of Mauritius and hold wide-ranging talks with Prime Minister Ramgoolam. The visit underscores the close and longstanding relationship between India and Mauritius, rooted in shared historical, cultural, and people-to-people ties.
A contingent of Indian defence forces and an Indian Navy ship will also participate in the National Day celebrations, highlighting the strong defence ties between the two nations. Additionally, Modi will inaugurate the Civil Service College and the Area Health Centre, both built with India’s grant assistance.
Vikas Kaushal has been appointed as the Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) of Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) on March 7, 2025. His appointment is historic as he becomes the first private sector executive to lead a state-run oil refinery.
With over 30 years of experience in the energy, oil & gas, and power sectors, Kaushal has previously served as Managing Director and Country Head for Kearney India. He holds a chemical engineering degree from Panjab University and an MBA from IIM Ahmedabad. His expertise in digital transformation, refinery maintenance, and net-zero strategies is expected to drive HPCL’s growth.
Kaushal’s five-year tenure comes at a crucial time as the government strengthens public sector leadership. His vision and leadership are set to enhance HPCL’s strategic direction and contribute significantly to India’s energy sector.
Indian Grandmaster Aravindh Chithambaram clinched the Prague Masters 2025 Chess title on March 7, 2025. Chithambaram finished the tournament with six points.
He settled for a draw against Turkey’s Ediz Gurel in the final round. Chithambaram’s title win was confirmed after Dutch Grandmaster Anish Giri defeated India’s R. Praggnanandhaa in the last round.
Chithambaram secured the championship and finished a full point ahead of the rest of the field. R. Praggnanandhaa ended his campaign with five points out of nine after his loss to Giri. With this victory, Grandmaster Arvind broke into the world’s top 15.
The chess world witnessed a historic moment on March 7, 2025, as 18-year-old Indian Grandmaster Pranav Venkatesh claimed the FIDE World Junior Championship 2025 title in Montenegro.
With this outstanding victory, Pranav became the fourth Indian player to win the prestigious World Junior title, following in the footsteps of Viswanathan Anand, Pentala Harikrishna, and Abhijeet Gupta.
Sahitya Akademi is hosting its annual Festival of Letters, Sahityaotsav 2025, from March 7 to 12 at Rabindra Bhavan, New Delhi. This six-day literary extravaganza, inaugurated by Union Minister for Culture, Gajendra Singh Shekhawat, is Asia’s largest literature festival.
With over 700 writers from across India, representing more than 50 languages, the festival promises to be a grand celebration of literature. The prestigious Sahitya Akademi Awards will be conferred in 23 languages, recognizing outstanding literary contributions.
Themed “Indian Literary Traditions,” Sahityaotsav 2025 will host nearly 120 sessions, featuring young writers, women writers, North-East and tribal writers, LGBTQ writers, poets, translators, publishers, and distinguished personalities. Attendees can experience insightful discussions, readings, and presentations by renowned authors, poets, critics, and scholars.
Open to all literature enthusiasts, the Festival of Letters is a must-visit for those passionate about India’s rich literary heritage. Entry is free, making it an inclusive platform to explore diverse literary voices and celebrate the power of words.
Jan Aushadhi Diwas, celebrated on March 7th, is dedicated to raising awareness about the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP), an initiative by the Government of India to provide quality generic medicines at affordable prices through Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Kendras (PMBJK).
Launched in 2008, the PMBJP aims to reduce healthcare expenses for Indians by promoting the use of generic medicines across various therapeutic categories.
The Khelo India Para Games 2025 is set to take place in New Delhi from March 20th to 27th. This prestigious event will witness the participation of approximately 1,230 para-athletes, including champions from the 2024 Paris Paralympics and the 2022 Asian Para Games in Hangzhou, China.
The second edition of the Khelo India Para Games will feature six sports: para archery, para athletics, para badminton, para powerlifting, para shooting, and para table tennis. The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium will host events for para athletics, para archery, and para powerlifting, while the Indira Gandhi Stadium complex will stage para badminton and para table tennis competitions. The Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range will be the venue for para shooting events.
Top para-athletes, including gold medalists Harvinder Singh (archery), Dharambir (club throw), and Praveen Kumar (high jump), will compete in the games. This event aims to provide a strong platform for para-athletes to showcase their talent and inspire millions with their resilience.
The Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) and the Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC) have achieved a significant milestone by being granted ‘Navratna’ status by the Government of India on March 3, 2025. This prestigious recognition elevates them to the elite group of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) with enhanced financial and operational autonomy.
IRCTC: Established in 1999, IRCTC is responsible for online ticket booking, catering, and tourism services for Indian Railways. For the financial year 2023-24, IRCTC reported an annual turnover of ₹4,270.18 crore, a net worth of ₹3,229.97 crore, and a profit after tax (PAT) of ₹1,111.26 crore.
IRFC: Founded in 1986, IRFC plays a crucial role in raising funds for Indian Railways’ expansion and modernization projects. For the financial year 2023-24, IRFC reported an annual turnover of ₹26,644 crore, a net worth of ₹49,178 crore, and a PAT of ₹6,412 crore.
Benefits of Navratna Status:
Financial Independence: Both IRCTC and IRFC can now invest up to ₹1,000 crore or 15% of their net worth on a single project without needing government approval.
Operational Autonomy: The new status allows these companies to expand their operations, enter new business areas, and form joint ventures with greater ease.
Enhanced Competitiveness: The Navratna status is aimed at making public sector enterprises more competitive and self-sufficient in their operations.
List of Navratna Companies in India:
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)
Container Corporation of India Limited (CONCOR)
Engineers India Limited (EIL)
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL)
National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO)
National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited (NBCC)
National Mineral Development Corporation Limited (NMDC)
Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (NLC India)
Oil India Limited (OIL)
Power Finance Corporation (PFC)
Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL)
Rural Electrification Corporation (REC)
Shipping Corporation of India Limited (SCI)
Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL)
RITES Limited
IRCON International Limited
ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL)
Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilisers Limited (RCF)
National Fertilizers Limited (NFL)
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL)
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)
Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL)
Balmer Lawrie & Co. Limited
Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC)
Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC)
This recognition is a testament to the exceptional financial and operational performance of IRCTC and IRFC. It is expected to accelerate their growth and contribute significantly to the development of India’s railway sector.
The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) is set to celebrate its 56th Raising Day with an inspiring initiative – “Surakshit Tat, Samridh Bharat” (Safe Coasts, Prosperous India). This extraordinary cycling rally will cover the entire 6,553 km coastline of mainland India, highlighting the crucial role of coastal security in safeguarding national prosperity.
Cycling Rally: Route & Timeline
Two teams of CISF cyclists will embark on this nationwide expedition on March 7, 2025: ✅ Western Coast: Starting from Lakhpat Fort, Gujarat ✅ Eastern Coast: Starting from Bakkhali, West Bengal ✅ Final Convergence: Vivekananda Rock Memorial, Kanyakumari (March 31, 2025)
The journey will span 25 days, traversing India’s coastal roads, connecting communities, and spreading awareness about maritime security.
Why This Initiative Matters?
India’s vast coastline is home to 250+ ports, including 72 major ports, handling 95% of the country’s trade volume and critical infrastructure such as refineries, shipyards, and nuclear plants. Ensuring coastal security is vital for economic stability, and this rally aims to: ✔️ Educate Coastal Communities about security threats like smuggling, illegal activities, and infiltration. ✔️ Strengthen Community-Security Partnerships for better coordination in safeguarding our shores. ✔️ Instill Patriotism by honoring the sacrifices of security personnel and freedom fighters. ✔️ Celebrate India’s Maritime Heritage, raising awareness of rich coastal traditions and history.
CISF Cyclists: Strength, Readiness & Inclusivity
🚴 Total Participants: 125 CISF personnel, including 14 women officers, symbolizing strength and resilience. 💪 Rigorous Training: A month-long intensive program focusing on endurance, safety, nutrition, and long-distance cycling skills. 🏆 Expert Guidance: Collaboration with professional cyclists for bike maintenance, posture optimization, and efficient pedaling techniques.
Major Events & Key Locations
The rally will witness grand events at: 📍 Lakhpat Fort, Gujarat 📍 Bakkhali, West Bengal 📍 Gateway of India, Mumbai 📍 Konark, Odisha 📍 Finale: Vivekananda Rock Memorial, Kanyakumari
These events will feature cultural performances, interactive sessions with CISF personnel, and discussions on coastal security.
Join the Movement for a Safe & Prosperous India!
The CISF invites citizens, security enthusiasts, and adventure lovers to participate in this historic rally—either physically or virtually. 🌍 Follow the journey live:https://cisfcyclothon.com/ 📢 Spread the message of coastal security & national pride!
Let’s come together to support “Surakshit Tat, Samridh Bharat”, reinforcing India’s commitment to stronger maritime security and a prosperous future! 🚴
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved the construction of a 12.9 km ropeway connecting Sonprayag to Kedarnath in Uttarakhand. Announced on 5 March 2025, this ambitious project aims to improve accessibility to one of India’s most sacred pilgrimage sites.
Kedarnath Ropeway: Key Project Details
Project Type: Design, Build, Finance, Operate, and Transfer (DBFOT) Model
Capacity: 1,800 passengers per hour (each direction)
Daily Passenger Limit: Up to 18,000 pilgrims
Kedarnath: A Sacred Pilgrimage Destination
Kedarnath, one of the 12 Jyotirlingas, is located at an altitude of 3,583 meters (11,968 feet) in the Rudraprayag district of Uttarakhand. The Kedarnath Temple is open for 6 to 7 months each year, from Akshaya Tritiya (April-May) to Diwali (October-November), attracting around 20 lakh pilgrims annually.
How the Ropeway Will Benefit Pilgrims
Currently, the journey to Kedarnath involves a 16-km uphill trek from Gaurikund, which can take 8 to 9 hours on foot. Pilgrims often rely on ponies, palanquins, or helicopter services for assistance.
With the new Sonprayag-Kedarnath Ropeway, the travel time will be drastically reduced to just 36 minutes.
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved a ₹2,730.13 crore ropeway project from Govindghat to Hemkund Sahib in Uttarakhand’s Chamoli district. The 12.4 km ropeway, developed under the DBFOT model, will ease the current 21-km uphill trek and enhance accessibility for 1.5–2 lakh annual pilgrims.
It will feature a Monocable Detachable Gondola (MDG) system for 10.55 km and a Tricable Detachable Gondola (3S) system for 1.85 km, with a capacity of 1,100 passengers per hour per direction. The project will also boost tourism to the nearby Valley of Flowers, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
New Delhi, March 5, 2025 – The Ministry of Panchayati Raj has launched a pioneering initiative to promote gender-sensitive governance at the grassroots level. The Model Women-Friendly Gram Panchayat (MWFGP) initiative was unveiled at a National Convention held at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, as part of the International Women’s Day 2025 celebrations.
Key Highlights of the Initiative
The initiative aims to establish at least one Model Women-Friendly Gram Panchayat in each district, fostering safety, inclusivity, and gender equality.
It aligns with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of strengthening Viksit Bharat through Viksit Panchayats.
A dedicated Monitoring Dashboard was launched to track the progress of the initiative.
The convention included virtual training programs for elected representatives and officials from selected Gram Panchayats.
Best practices and success stories of women-friendly initiatives were presented.
Dignitaries and Participants
The event was attended by Union Minister of State, Prof. S. P. Singh Baghel (Ministry of Panchayati Raj & Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying) and Union Minister of State, Anupriya Patel (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare). Other prominent attendees included Vivek Bharadwaj, Secretary, Ministry of Panchayati Raj, and Sushil Kumar Lohani, Additional Secretary.
Representatives from various ministries, State Institutes of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj (SIRD&PRs), and international organizations such as the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) participated. Around 350 delegates, including elected representatives and officials from selected Gram Panchayats, attended physically or virtually.
Upcoming Nationwide Mahila Gram Sabhas
To further strengthen women’s participation in governance, the Ministry will organize Mahila Gram Sabhas nationwide on March 8, 2025, coinciding with International Women’s Day.
