Current Affairs

Sagar Defence Wins Robotics Challenge at Dubai Airshow 2025

On 18 November 2025, Sagar Defence, an iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence) winner, secured the “Accelerating the Autonomous Robotics Revolution” challenge under the VISTA Track at the Dubai Airshow 2025, earning a USD 5,000 prize for its autonomous systems concept. iDEX congratulated the team, calling it a reflection of India’s rising strength in defence innovation.

Sagar Defence’s winning pitch featured “Genesis”, a “boat-in-a-box” AI-powered module that can be retrofitted onto existing vessels to make them semi-autonomous, fully autonomous, or remotely operated. The company presented the idea during a three-minute pitch to the grand jury.

Launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2018, iDEX has rapidly become a major driver of India’s defence-tech ecosystem and now works with over 650 start-ups and MSMEs. At the Dubai Airshow, 15 iDEX-supported startups showcased technologies in robotics, space systems, electronic warfare, battlefield awareness, anti-drone systems, AR/VR training, and autonomous platforms, including innovations such as an autonomous cargo aerial vehicle, multi-sensor satellite systems, portable SAR image disrupters, and AESA radar for counter-UAS operations.

Strong interest from global OEMs and investors signals growing international recognition of India’s innovation-driven defence ecosystem. The Vista Startup Zone at the airshow (17–21 November) provided startups with mentorship, investor access, and global exposure.

UNSC Approves Trump’s Gaza Peace Plan

On 17 November 2025, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 2803, approving US President Donald Trump’s Gaza Peace Plan. The resolution passed with 13 votes in favour and abstentions from Russia and China.
The plan calls for an immediate ceasefire between Israel and Hamas, release of hostages, and the deployment of an International Stabilization Force (ISF) to ensure demilitarization and security in Gaza. It also establishes a Board of Peace (BoP) as a transitional authority and launches major reconstruction and humanitarian efforts.

The initiative aims to stabilize Gaza, rebuild infrastructure, and create conditions leading toward Palestinian self-governance and possible statehood, though critics say the framework is vague.
Implementation will involve ISF deployment, ceasefire monitoring, and broad political consultations involving regional and international actors.

DAE Launches India’s First Nitric-Oxide Wound Dressing and New Rare-Earth Reference Material

The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) announced two major scientific breakthroughs with important applications in healthcare and rare-earth research.

India’s first nitric-oxide-releasing wound dressing, “ColoNoX,” was launched for treating diabetic foot ulcers (DFU).

  • Developed by BARC in collaboration with Cologenesis Pvt. Ltd.
  • Successfully completed Phase II and III clinical trials.
  • Received DCGI approval for commercial production.
  • DAE Secretary Dr. Ajit Kumar Mohanty said the innovation will offer affordable and effective treatment for diabetic patients.

DAE also released a new Certified Reference Material (CRM) named Ferrocarbonatite (FC) – BARC B140, developed for rare earth element (REE) exploration and processing.

  • Created jointly by BARC’s NCCCM and the Atomic Minerals Directorate (AMD), Hyderabad.
  • Provides certified values for 13 rare-earth elements and 6 major elements.
  • It is India’s first CRM of this type and only the fourth in the world.

India–UK joint military exercise “Ajeya Warrior” from 17-30 November at Bikaner

The 8th edition of the India–UK joint military exercise “Ajeya Warrior” began on 17 November 2025 at the Mahajan Field Firing Range, Bikaner, and will continue until 30 November. A total of 240 soldiers from both countries are participating, including troops from India’s Sikh Regiment.

Colonel Neeraj Beniwal stated that the main focus is on counter-terrorism operations in urban environments, conducted under a United Nations mandate. The exercise aims to promote the exchange of combat skills and operational experience and strengthen the capability of both armies to work together in complex scenarios.

Bangladesh’s Former PM Sheikh Hasina Sentenced to Death by ICT

Former Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has been sentenced to death in absentia by the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) on 17 November 2025. She was convicted of crimes against humanity for allegedly ordering a violent crackdown on the 2024 student-led protests, in which hundreds were killed and many injured.

Hasina has been living in exile in India since her government was removed. The tribunal described her as the “mastermind” behind the suppression and held her responsible for authorising lethal force.

The verdict comes ahead of the February 2026 elections, from which Hasina’s party, the Awami League, has been barred. Her supporters claim the trial was politically motivated, while the interim government led by Muhammad Yunus argues it fulfills its promise to ensure accountability for the 2024 violence.

The ruling marks the first time a Bangladeshi head of government has been sentenced to death for crimes against humanity. It is expected to draw international scrutiny and may increase political tension within Bangladesh.

Dubai Air Show 2025: India’s Big Push in Global Aerospace

The Dubai Air Show 2025, held on November 17–18 at Al Maktoum International Airport, brought together over 1,500 exhibitors, 200+ aircraft, and industry professionals from 150 countries. India made a strong impact with a delegation led by Minister of State for Defence Sanjay Seth, featuring the Suryakiran Aerobatic Team and the LCA Tejas fighter aircraft. India inaugurated its dedicated pavilion, held high-level bilateral talks with the UAE, and chaired an international defence industry round table.

With major global companies like Airbus, Boeing, and Lockheed Martin present, the event highlighted future trends in aviation, sustainability, space, and AI-driven defence. India’s presence underscored its growing influence in global aerospace, its commitment to defence innovation, and strengthened India-UAE strategic cooperation.

Kushal Dalal Wins Men’s Compound Gold at GT Open Indoor World Series 2025

Indian archer Kushal Dalal won his first major indoor title by clinching the Men’s Compound gold at the GT Open Indoor World Series 2025 in Strassen, Luxembourg on November 16, 2025. The 20-year-old delivered a standout performance, defeating World Champion Nicolas Gerard in the semifinals and edging past former world No. 1 Stephan Hansen in a dramatic double shoot-off final.

His victory adds to a strong year that already includes two Asia Cup golds. India also celebrated a bronze medal by Ganesh Mani Ratnam Thirumuru in the U-21 event, underscoring the nation’s growing strength in compound archery. Dalal’s triumph boosts his world ranking and positions him as a rising star on the global archery stage.

World Boxing Cup Finals 2025, from November 16–20 in Greater Noida

The World Boxing Cup Finals 2025, held from November 16–20 in Greater Noida, India, brought together over 130 top-ranked boxers from 18 countries for the season’s grand finale. India fielded a strong 20-member team, featuring world champions and Olympians, and made an impressive start with all four boxers on Day 1 winning their quarterfinals to secure at least bronze medals.

The event included athletes from powerhouse nations like Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Cuba, and featured three Olympic medallists. A vibrant opening ceremony, global broadcasts, and smooth organization highlighted India’s capability as a major international sports host. The successful 2025 edition set a promising benchmark for future World Boxing Cup seasons.

India–France Air Drill Garuda-2025 Begins at Mont-de-Marsan

An Indian Air Force (IAF) contingent has arrived at Mont-de-Marsan Air Base, France to participate in the bilateral air exercise Garuda-2025, scheduled from 16 to 27 November. The exercise reflects the strong strategic partnership between India and France in defence and security.

It will involve IAF’s Su-30 MKI aircraft operating with French Rafale fighters in a simulated combat environment, aimed at enhancing interoperability, sharing best practices, and strengthening defence cooperation between the two air forces.

44th IITF 2025 Begins at Bharat Mandapam

The 44th India International Trade Fair (IITF) began on 14 November 2025 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, with the theme “Ek Bharat–Shreshtha Bharat.” It was inaugurated by Jitin Prasada, who highlighted the fair’s role in India’s growth and Aatmanirbhar vision.

UP, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Bihar are Partner States, while Jharkhand is the Focus State. Around 30 states/UTs, 60+ ministries, and 12 countries (including UAE, China, Iran, South Korea, Egypt) are participating.

The fair promotes major B2B and B2C trade opportunities. Business days are 14–18 November, and it opens to the public from 19 November. Tickets range from ₹80–₹500, with free entry for senior citizens and persons with disabilities. Entry is allowed until 5:30 pm, and tickets are available via ITPO website, Delhi Metro stations, and the Saarthi app.

Bihar Assembly Election 2025: NDA Secures Three-Fourth Majority

The Bihar Assembly Election 2025 results declared on 14 November. National Democratic Alliance (NDA), which returned to power with a three-fourth majority, winning 202 out of 243 seats. The Mahagathbandhan (INDIA bloc) faced a major collapse, securing only 35 seats, marking a dramatic shift in Bihar’s political landscape.

The BJP became the single-largest party with 89 seats, while JD(U) reaffirmed its strength with 85 seats. Voter turnout saw a historic trend, with women voters (71.78%) outperforming men (62.98%).

With a 46.7% vote share, the NDA’s strong mandate reflects a public preference for governance continuity and stability, while the opposition is left to reassess its strategy after a steep decline.

Joint Military Exercise MITRA SHAKTI-2025 between India and Sri Lanka

The 11th edition of the Joint Military Exercise MITRA SHAKTI-2025 between India and Sri Lanka is being held at the Foreign Training Node in Belagavi, Karnataka from 10 to 23 November 2025.

The exercise highlights the strong defence cooperation, interoperability, and mutual trust between the two nations. It includes joint training on fieldcraft, counter-drone techniques, movement in built-up areas, cordon and search operations, and the use of new-generation equipment.

Both armies are also practising village reconnaissance using UAVs, drone-assisted searches, civic-action measures, weapons training, simulator firing, live firing, and conducting discussions to enhance tactical understanding and coordination.

Children’s Day (Bal Diwas) – 14 November

Children’s Day is celebrated every year in India on 14 November to honor the birth anniversary of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India. Nehru was fondly called “Chacha Nehru” because of his deep love and affection for children, believing that they are the foundation of a strong and progressive nation.

The day emphasizes the importance of child rights, education, health, and overall development. Schools and organizations across the country conduct cultural programs, competitions, and activities to make children feel special and to spread awareness about their welfare.

Children’s Day serves as a reminder to protect children from exploitation, ensure equal opportunities, and help them grow into responsible and capable citizens of the future.

World Diabetes Day (14 November)

World Diabetes Day is observed every year on 14 November, marking the birthday of Sir Frederick Banting, the co-discoverer of insulin. The 2025 theme is “Access to Diabetes Care”, highlighting the need for equitable treatment, early diagnosis, and global awareness.

Diabetes is a chronic disease caused by insufficient insulin or the body’s inability to use it effectively. The main types are Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational diabetes. Globally, over 530 million people are living with the condition, with India having the second-highest number of diabetics. About 50% of adults with diabetes remain undiagnosed.

Diabetes significantly increases the risk of blindness, kidney failure, heart disease, and stroke. Prevention through healthy lifestyle, timely screening, and access to essential medicines like insulin is critical. Awareness campaigns, healthier habits, and advocacy for affordable care are key to reducing its impact worldwide.

Botswana Hands Over Cheetahs to India under Project Cheetah

On 13 November 2025, Botswana handed over eight cheetahs to India under Project Cheetah, marking a new phase of cooperation in wildlife conservation between the two nations. The announcement came after bilateral talks between President Droupadi Murmu and Botswana’s President Duma Boko.

Both Presidents witnessed the symbolic handover of cheetahs at a quarantine facility near Gaborone, where the animals will remain before being translocated to India. President Boko emphasized the shared commitment to biodiversity and environmental goals, while President Murmu thanked Botswana for its support and assured proper care for the big cats.

Project Cheetah, launched to reintroduce cheetahs to India decades after their extinction, earlier brought eight cheetahs from Namibia (2022) and twelve from South Africa (2023) to Kuno National Park, where many have successfully adapted and reproduced.

During the visit, both nations also signed an MoU on healthcare and pharmaceuticals, with India announcing the supply of ARV medicines to aid Botswana’s HIV treatment program. President Murmu addressed Botswana’s Parliament, visited the Diamond Trading Company, attended a state banquet, and was scheduled to meet the Indian community before concluding her visit.

Cricket at the 2028 Los Angeles Olympics

Cricket will make a historic comeback at the 2028 Los Angeles Olympics, returning to the Games after 128 years. The T20 format has been approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), with matches to be held at Fairplex, Pomona, California.

The event will feature six men’s and six women’s national teams, totaling around 180 athletes from 12 nations. The women’s T20 final is scheduled for July 20, 2028, and the men’s final for July 29, 2028, during the LA28 Olympics, which run from July 14 to July 30, 2028, across 49 venues.

This marks only the second time cricket will appear in the Olympics since 1900, highlighting its growing global reach and popularity, especially in cricket-loving nations like India, Australia, England, and the Caribbean.

Exercise Malabar 2025: Quad naval exercise from November 10–18, 2025

Exercise Malabar 2025 is a major Quad naval exercise held from November 10–18, 2025, near Guam in the West Pacific, involving India, the United States, Japan, and Australia. The drill focuses on strengthening interoperability, regional security, and joint operational readiness among the four nations.

The exercise featured two phases — Harbour Phase (Nov 10–12) and Sea Phase (Nov 13–17) — and included advanced naval platforms such as India’s INS Sahyadri and Australia’s HMAS Ballarat with a P-8A Poseidon aircraft.

Started in 1992 as a bilateral India–US exercise, Malabar expanded to include Japan in 2015 and Australia in 2020, evolving into a key Quad maritime cooperation platform. It reflects the nations’ shared commitment to freedom of navigation, regional stability, and a rules-based Indo-Pacific order.

6th National Water Awards 2024

President Droupadi Murmu will present the 6th National Water Awards 2024 on November 18, 2025, at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, to honour outstanding contributions in water conservation and management.

The awards, organized by the Ministry of Jal Shakti’s Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation (DoWR, RD & GR), recognized 46 winners across 10 categories, selected from 751 applications received via the Rashtriya Puraskar Portal.

Maharashtra was declared the Best State, followed by Gujarat and Haryana. Among districts, Rajnandgaon (Chhattisgarh), Khargone (Madhya Pradesh), Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh), Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu), and Sepahijala (Tripura) were top performers.

In other categories:

  • Best Urban Local Body: Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra)
  • Best Institution: IIT Gandhinagar (Gujarat) & ICAR–CCARI (Goa)
  • Best Village Panchayat: Dubbiganipalli (Andhra Pradesh) & Payam (Kerala)
  • Industry Category Winners: Apollo Tyres Ltd (Tamil Nadu), Hero MotoCorp Ltd (Haryana), Jhajjar Power Ltd (Haryana)

Individuals from Bihar, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, and Andhra Pradesh were also honoured for exceptional efforts.

Launched in 2018, the National Water Awards aim to promote community-driven and sustainable water management, aligning with the vision of “Jal Samridh Bharat” under Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s leadership.

PM Narendra Modi’s Bhutan Visit (November 11–12, 2025)

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s two-day (November 11–12, 2025) state visit to Bhutan focused on strengthening the deep cultural, spiritual, and strategic partnership between the two nations.

He attended celebrations marking the 70th birthday of Bhutan’s Fourth King, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, and participated in the Global Peace Prayer Festival in Thimphu, where the Sacred Piprahwa Relics of Lord Buddha from India were showcased — highlighting shared civilisational ties.

A major achievement was the joint inauguration of the 1020 MW Punatsangchhu-II Hydroelectric Project, boosting Bhutan’s energy capacity and reflecting India’s continued support for its neighbour’s development.

PM Modi also met King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay to discuss cooperation in education, digital connectivity, and infrastructure.

The visit reaffirmed India’s Neighbourhood First Policy, strengthened energy and cultural diplomacy, and showcased India’s commitment to a strong and mutually respectful partnership with Bhutan.

Car explosion near Delhi’s Red Fort Metro Station

A powerful car explosion near Delhi’s Red Fort Metro Station on November 10, 2025, claimed eight lives and injured over two dozen people, prompting a national investigation under anti-terror laws.

The blast occurred around 7:15 PM near Gate No. 1, involving a Hyundai i20 with a Haryana number plate. Authorities suspect an IED or CNG cylinder explosion.

The case has been registered under the UAPA and Explosives Act, with three suspects from Pulwama detained and the car owner questioned. CCTV footage captured a lone suspect near the car shortly before the explosion.

Home Minister Amit Shah ordered a detailed probe, while PM Narendra Modi reviewed the security situation. A high alert was issued across Delhi and major cities, with intensified checks at metro stations, hotels, and public areas.

India’s Unemployment Rate Falls to 5.2% in Q2 2025

India’s unemployment rate dropped to 5.2% in the July–September 2025 quarter, improving from 5.4% in the previous quarter, according to the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).

  • Rural unemployment: 4.4%
  • Urban unemployment: 6.9%

The female labour force participation rate also saw a slight rise — from 33.4% to 33.7% — indicating gradual progress in women’s workforce involvement.

The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) among individuals aged 15 years and above increased marginally to 55.1%, reflecting a steady expansion in employment opportunities and economic activity.

Winter Session of the Parliament from 1 to 19 December 2025

The Winter Session of the Indian Parliament will be held from December 1 to December 19, 2025, focusing on crucial constitutional, electoral, and economic reforms amid a tense political climate. The session, convened under Article 85 of the Constitution, will include 15 sittings — one of the shortest in recent years.

Approved by President Droupadi Murmu and announced by Parliamentary Affairs Minister Kiren Rijiju, the agenda includes discussions on electoral roll revisions, constitutional amendments, and economic legislation ahead of the 2026 elections.

Speaker Om Birla has appealed for discipline and cooperation, urging MPs to avoid disruptions after previous sessions’ low productivity. Meanwhile, the Opposition has criticized the short duration and is expected to focus on vote fraud allegations and governance transparency.

President Droupadi Murmu’s Visit to Angola: Strengthening India-Africa Ties

President Droupadi Murmu’s four-day state visit to Angola (November 8–11, 2025) marked a historic moment as she became the first Indian Head of State to visit the country. The visit coincided with Angola’s 50th Independence Anniversary and 40 years of India-Angola diplomatic relations. During her meetings with President João Lourenço, discussions focused on strengthening cooperation in energy, defence, technology, agriculture, and skill development.

India and Angola also explored long-term partnerships in oil, gas, rare earth minerals, and digital technologies, while President Murmu highlighted youth empowerment and educational collaboration. She addressed the Indian diaspora in Luanda and joined Angola’s independence celebrations. The visit reinforced India’s strategic engagement with Africa, aligning with its goal of building deeper South-South partnerships and advancing global cooperation.

India Sends Sacred Relics of Lord Buddha to Bhutan

From November 8–18, 2025, India sent the sacred Piprahwa relics of Lord Buddha to Bhutan for public exposition, marking a gesture of spiritual solidarity and cultural diplomacy. The event coincided with Bhutan’s Global Peace Prayer Festival and the 70th birthday of the Fourth King, Jigme Singye Wangchuk.

Transported by a special Indian Air Force aircraft, the relics were received with full ceremonial honors at Paro International Airport and displayed at Trashichodzong in Thimphu, where thousands of devotees offered prayers. The initiative highlighted the shared Buddhist heritage between India and Bhutan and symbolized peace, compassion, and harmony. The Piprahwa relics, among the earliest discovered remains of Lord Buddha, reaffirm India’s role as a guardian of Buddhist culture and global peace traditions.

Uttarakhand State Foundation Day 2025: Silver Jubilee Celebrations

Uttarakhand celebrated its State Foundation Day on 9 November 2025, marking the Silver Jubilee (25 years) of its formation. On this occasion, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated and laid foundation stones for development projects worth over ₹8,000 crore at the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun. These projects cover key sectors such as water supply, irrigation, education, energy, urban development, sports, and skill training.

PM Modi also released ₹62 crore under the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana to benefit over 28,000 farmers, and issued a commemorative postage stamp. In his address, he praised Uttarakhand’s progress over 25 years and highlighted the efforts of the “double-engine government” in driving the state’s growth and realizing its full potential.

India Celebrates 100 Years of Hockey Glory (1925–2025)

India marked a century of hockey excellence in November 2025 with nationwide celebrations honoring the sport’s legendary players and rich legacy. The grand centenary gala at Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium, New Delhi, attended by top dignitaries and FIH President Dato Tayyab Ikram, featured cultural performances, felicitation of hockey greats, and an exhibition match.

The event celebrated India’s journey from its 1925 beginnings to an era of eight Olympic golds, led by icons like Dhyan Chand, and recent successes such as the Tokyo 2020 Olympic bronze.

Hockey India organized 1,400 matches across 550 districts, engaging over 36,000 players, symbolizing unity and revival. The centenary underscored India’s renewed commitment to hockey through investment, infrastructure, and youth participation — a step toward reclaiming its global dominance.

Q. The centenary celebration marking 100 years of Indian hockey was held in which year?
A) 2024
B) 2025
C) 2026
D) 2027
Answer: B) 2025

150 Years of “Vande Mataram” (1875–2025)

India has launched a year-long national celebration (Nov 7, 2025–Nov 7, 2026) to mark 150 years of “Vande Mataram”, the national song composed by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in 1875. The celebration began in New Delhi, with the Prime Minister unveiling a commemorative coin and stamp.

Events include mass singing, cultural programs at historic sites, and educational outreach to highlight the song’s historical and patriotic significance.

“Vande Mataram,” first featured in Anandamath, became a symbol of unity and resistance during India’s freedom struggle, embraced by leaders like Rabindranath Tagore and Subhas Chandra Bose. Declared the national song in 1950, it continues to inspire national pride and unity across generations.

COP30 in Belém, Brazil: The “Implementation COP”

COP30 – The “Implementation COP” in Belém, Brazil (10–21 November 2025)

The 30th UN Climate Change Conference (COP30), held in Belém, Brazil, focuses on turning previous climate pledges into real action to keep global warming below 1.5°C. Taking place at the edge of the Amazon rainforest, it highlights the urgency of protecting nature amid accelerating climate impacts.

Key discussions center on climate finance, nature-based solutions, food system reforms, digital equity, and a just transition for workers. COP30 also reviews progress on financial commitments from COP29 and encourages nations to submit enhanced climate targets (NDCs 3.0).

Challenges include the absence of major polluters, corporate obstruction, and tensions between development and conservation in Brazil. President Lula da Silva aims to showcase Brazil as a global climate leader.

COP30’s outcomes are expected to strengthen international cooperation, secure funding for vulnerable nations, and shape global climate action toward 2030.

Bihar Assembly Elections 2025: First Phase Voting Underway in 18 Districts

The first phase of Bihar Assembly Elections 2025 is underway today, 6 November, across 121 constituencies in 18 districts including Patna, Nalanda, and Muzaffarpur. Polling runs from 7 AM to 6 PM under tight security, with webcasting at all 45,341 booths.

Over 3.75 crore voters will decide the fate of 1,314 candidates, including 122 women. The NDA (JD(U), BJP, LJP-R, RLM) and Mahagathbandhan (RJD, Congress, Left parties, VIP) are the main contenders, while Jan Suraj Party is contesting 119 seats.

Prominent candidates include Tejashwi Yadav (Raghopur), Deputy CMs Samrat Choudhary and Vijay Sinha, Ram Kripal Yadav (Danapur), and newcomers Maithili Thakur and Kheshari Lal Yadav.

Ghazala Hashmi Becomes Virginia’s First Muslim and Indian-American Lieutenant Governor

India-born Ghazala Hashmi has made history by becoming Virginia’s newly elected Lieutenant Governor, the first Muslim and South Asian American to hold a statewide office in the state. Born in Hyderabad, India, she moved to the U.S. at age four and won the 2025 election held on November 4, defeating Republican John Reid with 54.2% votes.

A Democrat, Hashmi began her political career in 2019 when she flipped a Republican-held Senate seat and later chaired the Senate Education and Health Committee. Her campaign focused on education reform, reproductive rights, and gun control.

As Lieutenant Governor, she will preside over the Virginia State Senate (Democrats 21–19 majority) and influence key legislative priorities. Her victory represents a powerful symbol of diversity and immigrant representation in U.S. politics, strengthening ties between Indian-American and mainstream American communities.

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