International

 

International Current Affairs for competitive Exams.

Sweden Joins NATO as 32nd Member, Ending 200 Years of Military Neutrality

Sweden officially joined North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on 7 March 2024, becoming the 32nd member of the military alliance. This historic move ended Sweden’s over 200-year policy of military non-alignment, which had been in place since the Napoleonic Wars.

Sweden formally completed the process by depositing its instrument of accession in Washington, D.C., thereby gaining the protection of NATO’s collective defense clause, Article 5, which states that an attack on one member is considered an attack on all members.

Founded on 4 April 1949, NATO is a military alliance headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, aimed at ensuring collective security among its member states. With Sweden’s accession, the alliance now includes 32 countries.

Sweden brings advanced armed forces, strong defense industries, and strategic expertise in the Arctic and Baltic regions, strengthening NATO’s northern flank. However, the expansion has also increased tensions with Russia, which has opposed NATO’s enlargement.

Overall, Sweden’s membership marks a major shift in European security policy and reinforces NATO’s position as the largest military alliance in the world.

Strait of Hormuz: Location, Global Oil Trade & Iran’s 2026 Closure

The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow but vital waterway connecting the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. It is in the news in 2026 because Iran has closed it following US–Israel strikes, triggering a global oil and gas price surge. Iran controls the strait through its geographic position, military presence, and the ability of its Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) to block or disrupt shipping.

🌍 What is the Strait of Hormuz?

  • Location: Between Oman and Iran, linking the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea.
  • Width: Narrowest point is about 33 km wide.
  • Importance: Around 20% of global oil trade passes through it daily, making it the world’s most critical energy chokepoint.
  • Users: Oil tankers from Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iraq, Kuwait, and Qatar rely on it to reach global markets.

📰 Why is it in the News (2026)?

  • On 28 February 2026, US–Israel carried out strikes on Iran, killing Iran’s Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.
  • In retaliation, Iran announced closure of the Strait of Hormuz on 2 March 2026.
  • Consequences:
    • Global oil and gas prices surged sharply.
    • Shipping disruptions: At least 11 merchant ships damaged, one tug sunk, and multiple casualties reported.
    • Regional spillover: Conflict spread into the Indian Ocean, forcing ships to reroute through longer, riskier paths.

🇮🇷 How Iran Controls the Strait

  • Geographic Advantage: Iran borders the entire northern side of the strait, giving it natural dominance.
  • Military Presence:
    • The IRGC Navy deploys fast attack boats, mines, and anti-ship missiles.
    • Over 150 tankers were anchored along the strait under Iranian orders in March 2026.
  • Tactics Used:
    • Closure announcements backed by military enforcement.
    • GPS jamming and electronic warfare to disrupt navigation.
    • Threat of mining and missile strikes deters commercial shipping.
  • Strategic Leverage: Iran uses control of the strait as a bargaining chip in geopolitical conflicts, knowing its closure impacts global energy markets.

Mojtaba Khamenei becomes new Supreme Leader of Iran

TEHRAN — Iran’s Assembly of Experts has officially named Mojtaba Khamenei as the country’s new Supreme Leader. The 56-year-old cleric succeeds his father, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who was killed on February 28, 2026, during joint United States and Israeli airstrikes targeting his compound in Tehran.

The appointment, announced shortly after midnight on March 9, marks the first time in the history of the Islamic Republic that power has passed from father to son.

  • Assembly Decision: The 88-member Assembly of Experts selected Mojtaba following a “decisive vote”.
  • Military Backing: The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) immediately pledged “complete obedience and self-sacrifice” to the new leader.
  • Immediate Action: Hours after the announcement, the IRGC launched a new wave of missiles toward Israel, with projectiles reportedly bearing the slogan “At Your Command, Sayyid Mojtaba”.

Nepal General Elections 2026: Rastriya Swatantra Party Led by Balen Shah Heads Toward Major Victory

Early results of Nepal’s general elections held on 5 March 2026 indicate a major political shift, with Balen Shah’s Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP) heading toward a historic victory. According to the Election Commission of Nepal, the RSP has already won 18 seats and is leading in 99 of the 165 directly elected constituencies. If this trend continues, 35-year-old Balen Shah, a rapper-turned-politician and former Kathmandu mayor, could become Nepal’s youngest Prime Minister and lead the country’s first majority government in 27 years.

The elections were conducted for 275 parliamentary seats (165 First-Past-the-Post and 110 proportional representation), with a voter turnout of around 60%, the lowest since 1991. The polls were triggered by Gen Z protests in September 2025, which forced the resignation of Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli.

Traditional parties such as the Nepali Congress and CPN-UML are trailing significantly, each leading in only about 11 constituencies. Key campaign issues included anti-corruption measures, youth employment, and political reforms. The results are also being closely watched internationally, especially by India and China, due to Nepal’s strategic importance in the region.

India–Canada Relations Reset: PM Mark Carney’s Historic Visit to India

Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney’s four-day visit to India (27 February–2 March 2026) marked a historic reset in India–Canada relations, ending nearly eight years without a bilateral PM-level visit. The trip signaled a clear move past years of diplomatic strain and laid the foundation for a more ambitious partnership.

The visit delivered major outcomes, led by a USD 2.6 billion, 10-year uranium supply agreement to support India’s civil nuclear energy program. Both sides agreed to fast-track CEPA negotiations, targeting completion by end-2026 and aiming to raise bilateral trade to USD 50 billion by 2030. A Strategic Energy Partnership was launched to boost cooperation in clean energy, including solar, wind, and hydrogen.

In education and innovation, 13 university-level agreements were signed in areas such as AI, healthcare, and agriculture, with Canadian universities planning hybrid campuses in India. On security, a new Defence Dialogue was established, along with a trilateral MoU with Australia on technology and innovation.

Diplomatically, the visit marked a shift from the 2023 Nijjar-related crisis, with Canadian officials indicating no current linkage of the Indian government to violent acts in Canada. For Canada, the visit also supports economic diversification beyond the U.S. and aligns with its Indo-Pacific strategy, alongside stops in Australia and Japan.

Both leaders framed the trip as transformative—PM Carney calling it the start of a “new, more ambitious partnership,” and PM Modi describing bilateral ties as having made a “light-year leap.”

Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei killed in joint U.S.–Israel military operation

On March 1, 2026, Iranian state media confirmed that Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei was killed in a carried out on February 28, 2026. The strikes targeted his compound in central Tehran and other strategic locations across Iran.

The operation—called “Roaring Lion” by Israel and “Operation Epic Fury” by the U.S.—involved precision aerial bombardment. Along with Khamenei, several senior Iranian officials, including the IRGC chief and the Defence Minister, and members of his family were reportedly killed. After initial denials, Iran officially declared his death as “martyrdom” and announced 40 days of national mourning.

Global reactions were sharply divided. The U.S. and Israel publicly defended the strike as a justified blow against Iran’s leadership, while protests and mourning were reported among Shia communities in parts of India, including Lucknow, Kashmir, and Kargil.

Regionally, the situation escalated rapidly. Iran launched retaliatory missile and drone attacks on Israeli and U.S. targets across the Middle East. Global oil markets surged amid fears of disruption in the Strait of Hormuz. Politically, Iran formed an interim leadership council to govern until a new Supreme Leader is chosen by the Assembly of Experts.

Pakistan–Afghanistan Relations Escalate into Open War (2026)

The Pakistan–Afghanistan relationship has historically been tense, shaped by border disputes, militant activity, and shifting alliances. In 2026, these tensions escalated into what is now being described as an “open war” between the two neighbors.

Historical Background

  • Durand Line Dispute: The border drawn in 1893 by the British (Durand Line) has never been formally recognized by Afghanistan. This has been a persistent source of friction.
  • Taliban Factor: Pakistan was once accused of supporting the Taliban during the U.S. war in Afghanistan. Now, the Taliban-led Afghan government is accused by Pakistan of harboring militants who attack Pakistani territory.
  • Cross-border Militancy: Groups like the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) have used Afghan soil to launch attacks, worsening relations.

Current Escalation (2026)

  • Pakistan’s Declaration of “Open War”: On February 28, 2026, Pakistan officially declared open war against Taliban-ruled Afghanistan after cross-border attacks intensified.
  • Airstrikes: Pakistan launched Operation Ghazab lil-Haq, striking Kabul and provinces like Nangarhar and Kandahar in retaliation for Afghan attacks on Pakistani border posts.
  • Afghan Retaliation: Afghanistan responded with artillery and rocket fire across the Durand Line, claiming to have inflicted heavy losses on Pakistani forces.
  • Civilian Impact: Reports show destruction of homes and civilian casualties in Afghan provinces following Pakistani airstrikes.
  • International Reactions:
    • The U.S. expressed support for Pakistan’s “right to defend itself.”
    • Iran offered to mediate between the two countries.
    • Former U.S. President Donald Trump commented that Pakistan was “doing terrifically well” in the conflict.

India and Israel Sign 16 MoUs to Strengthen Strategic Partnership

During Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s state visit to Israel on 25–26 February 2026, India and Israel elevated their ties to a Special Strategic Partnership and signed 16 Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) across diverse sectors. This marks a significant expansion of cooperation between the two nations.

Key Areas of Collaboration

SectorDetails of MoUs
Artificial Intelligence & CybersecurityJoint research, innovation hubs, and cybersecurity frameworks to protect digital infrastructure.
AgricultureTechnology transfer for water-efficient farming, precision agriculture, and desert farming techniques.
Fintech & Digital PaymentsUPI linkage pact enabling smoother cross-border transactions and financial cooperation.
Education & ResearchExchange programs, joint academic research, and scholarships to strengthen knowledge partnerships.
Defense & TechnologyAgreements on co-development and manufacturing of advanced weapons systems through technology transfer.
Trade & CommerceSteps toward finalizing a bilateral trade deal, enhancing market access and investment opportunities.
Maritime Heritage & InnovationCollaboration on maritime archaeology, heritage preservation, and innovation-driven projects.

Strategic Significance

  • Defense Cooperation: Joint development of weapons and technology transfer strengthens India’s defense modernization.
  • Economic Growth: The trade deal and fintech collaboration open new avenues for bilateral commerce.
  • Innovation Partnership: AI, cybersecurity, and education MoUs highlight a shared vision of technological leadership.
  • Agricultural Sustainability: Israel’s expertise in desert farming and water management will support India’s food security goals.

India and Israel’s latest agreements reflect a deepening partnership rooted in innovation, security, and shared prosperity. This builds on earlier milestones—Modi’s 2017 visit to Israel and Netanyahu’s 2018 visit to India—which laid the foundation for today’s expanded cooperation.

PM Narendra Modi’s State Visit to Israel (25–26 February 2026)

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s state visit to Israel on 25–26 February 2026 marked a major step in strengthening the India–Israel Special Strategic Partnership, coming nine years after his historic 2017 visit. The trip took place amid a sensitive geopolitical situation in West Asia and focused on security, technology, and economic cooperation.

A key highlight was PM Modi’s historic address to the Knesset, making him the first Indian Prime Minister to do so. In his speech, he strongly condemned the October 7, 2023 terror attacks and reiterated India’s zero-tolerance policy against terrorism. He was later honored with the Speaker of the Knesset Medal, the highest parliamentary honor of Israel.

The visit gave major impetus to defence and high-technology collaboration, including discussions on integrating Israeli systems with India’s Sudarshan Chakra air defence shield and cooperation on the Iron Beam laser-based defence platform. Economically, both sides pushed forward negotiations on a proposed India–Israel Free Trade Agreement (FTA), with bilateral trade standing at USD 3.62 billion (FY 2024–25).

Several MoUs were exchanged, covering cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, investment, water management, and agriculture, including expansion of Centres of Excellence in India. On the regional front, discussions covered Israel’s proposed “Hexagon” alliance framework, India’s support for the Gaza Peace Initiative, and the strategic importance of the India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).

India AI Impact Summit 2026 Adopts Leaders’ Declaration

The India AI Impact Summit 2026, hosted at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi, reached a landmark moment on February 20, 2026 with the formal adoption of the Leaders’ Declaration. The declaration outlines a collective vision for global AI governance, responsible innovation, and inclusive collaboration.

Key Highlights

  • The Leaders’ Declaration affirms commitments to:
    • Strengthening multilateral cooperation on AI.
    • Promoting responsible and ethical AI development.
    • Ensuring inclusive access to AI benefits, especially for developing nations.
    • Advancing global competitiveness and shared prosperity through AI.
  • The declaration was adopted during high-level GPAI (Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence) Council meetings, where member countries reviewed progress and set priorities for the future.
  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who inaugurated the summit earlier, emphasized India’s vision of AI as a tool for democratization, empowerment, and inclusion, particularly for the Global South.
  • The summit witnessed participation from over 500 AI leaders, including 100+ CEOs and founders, 150 academicians and researchers, and nearly 400 chief technologists from across the world.

Global Context

The India AI Impact Summit 2026 is anchored in the principles of People, Planet, and Progress, reflecting India’s approach to AI cooperation. Leaders from multiple countries, including Brazil, France, Finland, Bhutan, and Estonia, joined discussions on shaping the future of AI for humanity.

Bangladesh Nationalist Party Secures Victory in 2026 General Election

The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), led by Tarique Rahman, has secured a decisive victory in the country’s 2026 general elections, marking a historic political shift after nearly two decades out of power.

Key Highlights

  • Majority Secured: BNP won 200+ seats in the 300-member Jatiya Sangsad (parliament), giving it a clear majority to form the government independently.
  • Leadership: Tarique Rahman, son of former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia, returned to Bangladesh in December 2025 after 17 years of self-exile in London. He is expected to be sworn in as Prime Minister.
  • Historic Context: This was the first election since the 2024 student-led uprising that ousted Sheikh Hasina. The BNP’s victory represents a major realignment in Bangladeshi politics.
  • Women’s Representation: Out of 78 women candidates, 7 won seats, with 6 belonging to BNP, highlighting the party’s growing inclusivity.
  • International Reactions: Leaders from neighboring countries, including India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi, congratulated Tarique Rahman, signaling regional interest in Bangladesh’s new political chapter.

Japan Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi’s Election Victory

Sanae Takaichi, Japan’s first female prime minister, led the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and its coalition partners to a landslide victory in the snap elections held on February 8, 2026.

Her coalition secured over two-thirds of the seats in the House of Representatives, a supermajority not achieved since World War II.

This victory cements her position as a powerful leader, often compared to Margaret Thatcher and nicknamed Japan’s “Iron Lady.” The supermajority gives her government the ability to push through major reforms without significant opposition.

World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos : January 19–23, 2026

The World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, Switzerland is a global gathering where leaders from politics, business, academia, and civil society meet annually to discuss pressing global challenges and shape future solutions.

🌍 Overview

  • Location: Davos, Switzerland, in the Swiss Alps.
  • Event: Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum.
  • Participants: Around 2,500–3,000 leaders from over 130 countries.
  • Theme (2026): “A Spirit of Dialogue” – emphasizing collaboration, trust, and innovation.
  • Dates: January 19–23, 2026.

🎯 Purpose

  • Global Cooperation: Provides a neutral platform for dialogue on geopolitics, trade, technology, and sustainability.
  • Problem-Solving: Tackles issues like climate change, economic inequality, technological disruption, and global security.
  • Networking: Encourages partnerships between governments, businesses, and NGOs.
  • Agenda Setting: Influences international policy directions and corporate strategies.

👥 Key Attendees

  • Political Leaders: Presidents, prime ministers, and ministers from major economies.
  • Business Executives: CEOs of multinational corporations.
  • Civil Society: NGOs, academics, and cultural leaders.
  • Notable 2026 Speakers: French President Emmanuel Macron, EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, U.S. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent, and Chinese Vice Premier He Lifeng.

Trump Announces “Board of Peace” for Gaza Plan’s Second Phase

Donald Trump has announced the creation of a new international “Board of Peace” as part of Phase Two of his Gaza Peace Plan, shifting focus from ceasefire arrangements to demilitarisation, technocratic governance, and reconstruction.

🌍 Background of the Gaza Peace Plan

  • Origin: The Gaza Peace Plan was first unveiled in September 2025 as a 20-point roadmap aimed at ending the prolonged conflict in Gaza.
  • Phase One: Focused on achieving a ceasefire and stabilizing immediate hostilities.
  • Phase Two: Moves towards long-term governance, reconstruction, and demilitarisation, with the newly formed Board of Peace at its core.

🏛️ The Board of Peace

  • Announcement: On 15 January 2026, Trump declared the formation of the Board of Peace, calling it “the greatest and most prestigious board ever assembled.”
  • Leadership: Trump himself is expected to serve as Chairman of the Board.
  • Membership: Countries including Egypt, Turkey, Qatar, and potentially India have been invited to join. India has received an official invitation but has yet to respond.
  • Mandate: The Board will supervise a Palestinian technocratic committee tasked with managing day-to-day governance in Gaza, ensuring neutrality and efficiency.

⚖️ Objectives of Phase Two

  • Demilitarisation: Secure agreements with Hamas to relinquish military control.
  • Governance: Support a technocratic Palestinian government free from factional politics.
  • Reconstruction: Oversee rebuilding of infrastructure, civil institutions, and public services.
  • International Oversight: Provide legitimacy and global backing through participation of multiple nations.

Iran Unrest 2026: Nationwide Protests and Global Reactions

In January 2026, Iran is experiencing its most serious unrest since the 1979 Revolution, with nationwide anti-government protests that began in late December 2025 over economic hardships and quickly turned into widespread dissent against the clerical leadership. The protests have spread to over 250 locations in 27 provinces.

The government’s response has been violent, with human rights groups reporting over 2,000 deaths and over 16,000 arrests, and organizations like Amnesty International accusing security forces, including the IRGC, of using live ammunition and brutality against largely peaceful demonstrators.

Iran’s leaders claim the protests are driven by foreign interference, blaming the U.S. and Israel, while warning of possible retaliation in the region. Meanwhile, the United States, under President Donald Trump, has condemned the crackdown and threatened strong measures, while the United Nations has called for restraint.

The crisis is fueled by a mix of economic collapse, political dissatisfaction, regional tensions, and human rights abuses. The situation remains volatile, posing risks of domestic instability, potential Iran–U.S. confrontation, and broader regional economic impacts.

BRICS India 2026: Marking 20 Years of the Grouping

India will host the 18th BRICS Summit in 2026, marking the 20th anniversary of the grouping. With the theme “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation, and Sustainability”, India’s presidency emphasizes a humanity-first, people-centric approach to global welfare.

🌍 BRICS India 2026: An Overview

  • BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) was formed in 2006 and has since expanded to include Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, and Indonesia.
  • The 2026 summit in New Delhi coincides with the 20th anniversary of BRICS, making it a milestone event.
  • India assumed the chairmanship on 1 January 2026, succeeding Brazil.

🎯 Theme & Vision

  • Theme: “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation, and Sustainability”.
  • Guiding principle: Humanity-first, people-centric approach.
  • Focus areas:
    • Resilience: Strengthening capacities to withstand global challenges.
    • Innovation: Promoting digital public infrastructure, fintech, AI, and emerging technologies.
    • Cooperation: Enhancing collaboration among diverse economies.
    • Sustainability: Ensuring inclusive and eco-friendly development.

🪷 Symbolism

  • Logo: A lotus with a Namaste gesture, chosen through a national contest.
    • Lotus = resilience and heritage.
    • Petals = colours of BRICS nations, symbolizing unity.
    • Namaste = India’s cultural ethos of respect and harmony.

German Chancellor Friedrich Merz Makes First Official Visit to India

German Chancellor Friedrich Merz arrived in India for his first official visit on January 12–13, 2026, at the invitation of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The visit aims to strengthen the India–Germany Strategic Partnership, with a focus on trade, defence, technology, education, and cultural diplomacy.

During the visit, Merz engaged in cultural events such as visiting the Sabarmati Ashram and attending the International Kite Festival in Ahmedabad. Formal bilateral discussions were held at Mahatma Mandir, Gandhinagar, covering cooperation in investment, skilling, green technologies, and innovation. The Chancellor also visited Bengaluru, emphasizing collaboration in science and advanced technology.

Merz was accompanied by a German business delegation, indicating a push toward deeper economic engagement. The visit carries wider geopolitical relevance as it precedes the India–EU Summit on January 27, 2026, where progress on the long-pending India–EU Free Trade Agreement is expected.

The trip takes place against the backdrop of 25 years of the India–Germany Strategic Partnership, reflecting shared goals in global governance, sustainability, and Indo-Pacific security. For India, the engagement offers access to German technology and industry, while Germany seeks a stronger foothold in Asia’s fastest-growing major economy.

Greenland: Geopolitics, Geography & History

Greenland, the world’s largest island, is a self-governing territory under the Kingdom of Denmark and has become strategically important due to its Arctic location, mineral resources, and geopolitical relevance. Positioned near newly emerging Arctic shipping routes, it has attracted interest from the US, Russia, and China. The island hosts important Western military installations, including the US Thule Air Base, making it crucial for NATO’s Arctic defense strategy.

Greenland debates greater autonomy and potential independence, but continues to rely heavily on Danish financial subsidies, despite efforts to build economic self-sufficiency through sectors like rare earth mineral extraction, which could reduce global dependence on China. The island is also central to climate research, as the Greenland Ice Sheet, covering about 80% of its surface, is melting rapidly; a full melt would raise global sea levels by roughly 7 meters.

Geographically, Greenland spans 2.16 million sq km, lies largely within the Arctic Circle, and has a polar climate. Its population of roughly 56,500—primarily Inuit—lives along coastal ice-free zones, with Nuuk serving as the capital. Historically, Greenland was settled by Inuit peoples, later colonized by Norse Vikings, and became a Danish colony in the 18th century. Denmark granted Home Rule in 1979 and Self-Government in 2009, allowing Greenland control over domestic affairs while Denmark oversees defense and foreign policy. The independence movement continues, but economic challenges remain a key constraint.

Q. Greenland is a self-governing territory under the sovereignty of which country?
A) Norway
B) Denmark
C) Iceland
D) Canada
Answer: B) Denmark
Greenland, the world’s largest island, is a self-governing territory under the Kingdom of Denmark and has become strategically important due to its Arctic location, mineral resources, and geopolitical relevance.

U.S. Military Operation in Venezuela: Key Event & Global Implications

In January 2026, a U.S. military action in Venezuela—codenamed Operation Absolute Resolve—triggered intense global debate after the capture of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro and First Lady Cilia Flores. The operation, carried out on January 3, 2026, involved elite U.S. units such as Delta Force, backed by intelligence and air–naval support, and was justified by Washington on allegations of drug trafficking and narco-terrorism.

Following the operation, Maduro and Flores were transported to the United States and detained in New York to face trial. The strikes caused explosions and widespread fear in Caracas, leading to shutdowns across the city and uncertainty among civilians about the country’s future leadership.

Internationally, the action raised sharp concerns over sovereignty and international law, with critics calling it a violation of Venezuelan independence, while supporters framed it as a necessary step against transnational crime. Statements attributed to former U.S. President Donald Trump about stabilizing Venezuela and restoring oil flows added to the controversy.

The fallout extended beyond Latin America. Analysts warned the precedent of unilateral intervention could influence other flashpoints involving Russia and China, while regional governments remained divided. Overall, the operation marked a major geopolitical turning point, reshaping Venezuela’s political landscape and intensifying debates over power, legality, and global order.
On January 3, 2026, a U.S. military action in Venezuela—codenamed Operation Absolute Resolve— capture of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro and First Lady Cilia Flores.

Israel becomes first country to recognise Somaliland as independent state

Israel has officially become the first country to recognise Somaliland as an independent state, marking a historic diplomatic shift. The move has drawn sharp reactions from Somalia and the African Union, who warn it could destabilise the Horn of Africa.

Key Points

  • Historic Recognition: On 26 December 2025, Israel formally recognised Somaliland, a breakaway region that declared independence from Somalia in 1991.
  • First UN Member State: Israel is the first United Nations member to extend such recognition, though Taiwan had earlier recognised Somaliland in 2020.
  • Strategic Importance: Somaliland lies along the Red Sea corridor, a geopolitically vital region for trade and security.
  • Diplomatic Ties: Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu and Somaliland President Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi signed a declaration of mutual recognition, with plans for cooperation in agriculture, health, and technology.
  • Global Reactions: Somalia condemned the move as a violation of its sovereignty, while Turkey, Egypt, and the African Union also criticised Israel’s decision.

Context

Somaliland has operated with its own government, military, and currency since 1991 but lacked international recognition. Israel’s step could encourage other nations to reconsider their stance, though it risks heightening tensions in East Africa.

India–Bangladesh Relations Face Strain Amid Diplomatic Closures and Political Unrest

India–Bangladesh relations have come under significant strain in late 2025 due to diplomatic, political, and security challenges. In December 2025, Bangladesh suspended consular and visa services in New Delhi, while India closed its visa centres in Rajshahi and Khulna, citing security concerns. These steps mark the sharpest diplomatic downturn in recent years, disrupting people-to-people contact.

Political instability in Bangladesh following the ouster of Sheikh Hasina in 2024 has contributed to the tensions. The killing of student leader Sharif Osman Hadi triggered widespread protests, many of which featured anti-India slogans, accusing New Delhi of interference in Bangladesh’s internal affairs.

Economically, bilateral trade stood at USD 13.46 billion in 2024–25, but the trade imbalance in India’s favour has been a recurring concern for Dhaka. Strategically, uncertainty now surrounds connectivity projects linked to India’s Act East policy, including transport and energy initiatives. India is also worried about border security, illegal migration, and militancy along the 864-km largely unfenced border.

Second WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine 2025 Held in New Delhi

The Second WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine was held in New Delhi from 17 to 19 December 2025, co-hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and India’s Ministry of Ayush. The summit focused on the evidence-based integration of traditional medicine into global health systems under the theme “Restoring balance: The science and practice of health and well-being.”

Held at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, the event was supported by the WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre (GTMC), Jamnagar. Addressing the summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi stressed the need to mainstream traditional medicine through research, standardisation, and global collaboration. He launched the My Ayush Integrated Services Portal (MAISP), the Ayush Mark for quality assurance, and released WHO’s technical report on Yoga training.

Modi–Trump Phone Call: India–U.S. Trade Progress and Strategic Cooperation

Prime Minister Narendra Modi and U.S. President Donald Trump held a telephonic conversation on 11 December 2025 to review bilateral ties and ongoing trade negotiations. The discussion focused on strengthening the India–U.S. Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership, with emphasis on trade, defence, energy, and emerging technologies.

Both leaders assessed progress in resolving tariff disputes and improving market access as negotiations between Indian and U.S. trade officials continue. They also discussed Indo-Pacific security, highlighting the need for maritime cooperation and regional stability.

The call came soon after the India–Russia summit, reflecting India’s balanced and multi-alignment foreign policy.

Andrej Babiš Reappointed as Prime Minister of Czech Republic

Andrej Babiš was officially appointed Prime Minister of the Czech Republic on 9 December 2025 by President Petr Pavel, marking his return after his earlier tenure from 2017–2021. Leader of the ANO party, Babiš formed a coalition with eurosceptic groups after winning the October 2025 elections.

He pledged to prioritise Czech national interests, adopt a cautious stance on EU integration, and reassess support for Ukraine, signalling a shift in Czech domestic and foreign policy.

Putin Concludes Two-Day India Visit, Boosts Trade, Defence and Energy Ties

Russian President Vladimir Putin concluded his two-day visit to India on 5 December 2025, reaffirming the enduring, India–Russia “Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership.”

During the 23rd India–Russia Summit in New Delhi, both sides set an ambitious $100 billion bilateral trade target by 2030, advanced discussions on a free trade agreement with the Eurasian Economic Union, strengthened defence manufacturing cooperation, and expanded energy and nuclear collaboration, including continued Russian oil supplies to India. The visit highlighted India’s balanced foreign policy amid global geopolitics and underscored Russia’s effort to reinforce strategic partnerships despite Western sanctions.

Putin’s India Visit 2025: 23rd India–Russia Annual Summit

Russian President Vladimir Putin is on a two-day state visit to India on December 4–5, 2025 for the 23rd India–Russia Annual Summit with Prime Minister Narendra Modi. This is Putin’s first visit to India since the Ukraine war, reaffirming the countries’ “Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership.”

During the visit, Putin was personally received by PM Modi in New Delhi, followed by a private dinner. He was accorded a ceremonial welcome at Rashtrapati Bhavan and paid tribute to Mahatma Gandhi at Rajghat. The summit at Hyderabad House focuses on cooperation in defence, trade, energy, and technology, with key agreements expected on Su-57 fighter jets, S-400 air defence systems, and oil–gas partnerships.

Strategically, the visit highlights India’s continued defence and energy ties with Russia, India’s role in balancing relations between Russia and Western nations, and the broader global context of the Ukraine conflict and energy security.

G20 Summit Adopts Climate Declaration Without U.S. Support

On 23 November 2025, G20 leaders adopted a declaration focused on climate action and global challenges without U.S. support, causing major diplomatic tension. The U.S. boycotted the summit and accused South Africa, the 2025 G20 president, of “weaponizing” the G20 and breaking the tradition of consensus. South Africa said the declaration “cannot be renegotiated” and was supported by overwhelming consensus.

Argentina withdrew at the last minute, objecting to the text on the Middle East conflict, but South Africa proceeded. The declaration highlights climate change, renewable energy, and debt relief, which the U.S. opposed.

The summit reflected wider global divides amid the Ukraine war, climate talks at COP30, and disputes over geopolitical influence. South Africa also refused to hand over the G20 presidency to a junior U.S. diplomat, calling it a breach of protocol.

G20 Leaders’ Summit 2025: Held on 22–23 November in Johannesburg, South Africa

The 20th G20 Leaders’ Summit was held in Johannesburg, South Africa on 22–23 November 2025, becoming the first G20 summit hosted on African soil. The theme was “Solidarity, Equality, Sustainability”, focusing on inclusive development, climate action, and global financial reforms.

Key Points

  • Host & Chair: South Africa; President Cyril Ramaphosa.
  • Theme Focus: Climate finance, debt relief, clean energy, digital inclusion.
  • Global South Troika: India (2023), Brazil (2024), South Africa (2025).
  • India’s Key Initiatives:
    • IMEC, Global Biofuel Alliance, Digital Public Infrastructure, MDB reforms.
    • PM Modi stressed “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” and “One Earth, One Family, One Future.”
  • African Union: Participated as permanent G20 member.
  • Participants: G20 nations + invited countries (e.g., Denmark, Egypt, Nigeria, Singapore, UAE) + UN, IMF, World Bank, WHO, WTO, etc.

UNSC Approves Trump’s Gaza Peace Plan

On 17 November 2025, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 2803, approving US President Donald Trump’s Gaza Peace Plan. The resolution passed with 13 votes in favour and abstentions from Russia and China.
The plan calls for an immediate ceasefire between Israel and Hamas, release of hostages, and the deployment of an International Stabilization Force (ISF) to ensure demilitarization and security in Gaza. It also establishes a Board of Peace (BoP) as a transitional authority and launches major reconstruction and humanitarian efforts.

The initiative aims to stabilize Gaza, rebuild infrastructure, and create conditions leading toward Palestinian self-governance and possible statehood, though critics say the framework is vague.
Implementation will involve ISF deployment, ceasefire monitoring, and broad political consultations involving regional and international actors.

Bangladesh’s Former PM Sheikh Hasina Sentenced to Death by ICT

Former Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has been sentenced to death in absentia by the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) on 17 November 2025. She was convicted of crimes against humanity for allegedly ordering a violent crackdown on the 2024 student-led protests, in which hundreds were killed and many injured.

Hasina has been living in exile in India since her government was removed. The tribunal described her as the “mastermind” behind the suppression and held her responsible for authorising lethal force.

The verdict comes ahead of the February 2026 elections, from which Hasina’s party, the Awami League, has been barred. Her supporters claim the trial was politically motivated, while the interim government led by Muhammad Yunus argues it fulfills its promise to ensure accountability for the 2024 violence.

The ruling marks the first time a Bangladeshi head of government has been sentenced to death for crimes against humanity. It is expected to draw international scrutiny and may increase political tension within Bangladesh.

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