Polity Current Affairs

 

Indian Polity and Constitution Current Affairs, Important for competitive Exams.

Parliament Passes Women’s Reservation Bill for Increased Political Representation

Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023, was passed by Parliament on September 21, 2023.

  1. The bill aims to reserve one-third of the total number of seats for women in the following legislative bodies:
    • Lok Sabha (the lower house of India’s parliament)
    • State Legislative Assemblies
    • Delhi Assembly
  2. The bill, also known as the Women’s Reservation Bill or Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, received approval from the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of parliament) through a division of votes. In this division, 214 members voted in favor of the bill, and none voted against it.
  3. The Lok Sabha had previously given its approval to the bill.

Q.: Which legislative bodies are covered by the Women’s Reservation Bill?

a. Lok Sabha, State Legislative Councils, and Municipal Corporations
b. Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and Panchayati Raj Institutions
c. Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and Delhi Assembly
d. Gram Panchayats, Zila Parishads, and Municipalities

Ans : c. Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and Delhi Assembly

Lok Sabha Passes Women’s Reservation Bill with Overwhelming Majority

The Lok Sabha passed the Women’s Reservation Bill on September 20, 2023. The bill was introduced on the first day of proceedings in the new Parliament Building.

  1. The bill aims to provide 33% reservation to women in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies.
  2. The bill received strong support with 454 votes in favor and only 2 against it.
  3. The implementation of the reservation is scheduled for 2029, following the delimitation of constituencies, which will be conducted after the next census.
  4. The bill is officially named the Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Eighth Amendment) Bill, also known as the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam.
  5. The next step is for the bill to be discussed and voted on in the Rajya Sabha.

Q.: What is the official name of the Women’s Reservation Bill?

a) Women’s Empowerment Bill
b) Gender Equality Bill
c) Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam
d) Reservation for Women Act

Ans : c) Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam

Old Parliament building is renamed as “Samvidhan Sadan”

The old Parliament building in New Delhi was officially renamed as “Samvidhan Sadan” on September 19, 2023. This decision to rename the building was proposed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and has received approval from both the Lok Sabha Speaker and the Rajya Sabha Chairman. In contrast, the new Parliament building has been designated as the “Parliament House of India.”

The old Parliament building, now known as Samvidhan Sadan, was originally designed by British architects Sir Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker and was constructed between 1921 and 1927. Throughout its history, this iconic structure has borne witness to pivotal moments in Indian history, including the deliberations on the formation of the Constitution, the announcement of Mahatma Gandhi’s passing, and the surrender of Pakistani forces in Bangladesh.

The renaming of the old Parliament building symbolizes its enduring significance as the site where India’s constitutional framework was debated and crafted. It serves as a timeless source of inspiration for future generations, retaining its legacy as Samvidhan Sadan.

Q.: The old Parliament building in New Delhi officially renamed as ………………………………………?

A) Rajya Sabha Bhavan
B) Lok Sabha Sadan
C) Samvidhan Sadan
D) Old Sansad Sadan

Answer: C) Samvidhan Sadan

Women’s Reservation Bill : First bill introduced in the new Parliament building during the special session

The government has introduced the Women’s Reservation Bill in the Lok Sabha on 19 September 2023 to provide one-third reservation for women in the Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, and the Delhi Assembly.

  1. Union Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal introduced the 128th Amendment Bill, 2023, which aims to provide 33 percent reservation to women in Parliament and state assemblies.
  2. The goal is to increase the participation of women in policy-making at the state and national levels.
  3. The Constitution (128 Amendment) Bill, 2023, is the first bill introduced in the new Parliament building during the special session.
  4. The bill mandates women’s reservation for 15 years, extendable by Parliament, and includes a provision for SC and ST women within the reservation.
  5. The current representation of women in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies is significantly low, and this bill aims to address the gender disparity.

Question: What is the primary objective of the Women’s Reservation Bill introduced in the Lok Sabha?

A) To increase the number of seats in Parliament
B) To provide one-third reservation for women in Parliament and state assemblies
C) To provide one-third reservation for women in government jobs
D) To provide one-third reservation for women in Panchayat

Answer: B) To provide one-third reservation for women in Parliament and state assemblies

Five-day Special Session of Parliament from 18th September 2023

Five-day Special Parliament Session to begin from 18th September 2023. An all-party meeting of floor leaders was held on 17 September in New Delhi ahead of a special session of parliament.

  1. Government representatives in the meeting included Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, Union Minister Piyush Goyal, and Parliamentary Affairs Minister Pralhad Joshi.
  2. Opposition party leaders present in the meeting included Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury, Farooq Abdullah, Derek O’Brien, Sanjay Singh, Ram Gopal Yadav, and Manoj Kumar Jha.
  3. The session will begin in the existing parliament building and shift to a new building on 19 September 2023. Regular business will commence on Wednesday.
  4. The government sought cooperation from parties to ensure the smooth functioning of the session.
  5. Some opposition parties advocated for the passage of the Women Reservation Bill, which aims to reserve one-third of seats for women in Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
  6. The special session will start with discussions on the Parliamentary Journey of 75 years, followed by a photo session and functions marking 75 years of independence.
  7. Eight bills will be taken up during this special session, including bills related to the Chief Election Commissioner, The Advocates (Amendment) Bill, The Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, and The Post Office Bill.

Q.: When will the regular business of the special session of parliament in the new building commence?

a) 18 September 2023
b) 19 September 2023
c) 20 September 2023
d) 21 September 2023

Ans : 19 September 2023

Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar hoisted the National Flag at the top of Gaja Dwar of the New Parliament Building

Vice President and Rajya Sabha Chairman Jagdeep Dhankhar hoisted the National Flag at the top of Gaja Dwar of the New Parliament Building on 16 September 2023.

  1. Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla and other dignitaries attended the event.
  2. Discussion on the Parliamentary Journey of 75 years, starting from Samvidhan Sabha, will be held in Lok Sabha.
  3. The government has listed bills for discussion in the upcoming Parliament Session:
    • Bill on the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and other election commissioners.
    • The Advocates (Amendment) Bill.
    • The Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill.
    • The Post Office Bill.
  4. The Advocates (Amendment) Bill and The Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill have been passed by Rajya Sabha and are pending in Lok Sabha.
  5. The Post Office Bill and The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Condition of Service, and Term of Office) Bill have already been introduced in Rajya Sabha.

New Parliament Building in India

The new Parliament Building in India, inaugurated on May 28, 2023, is a part of the Central Vista Redevelopment project in New Delhi. It features a unique triangular shape, a built-up area of about 64,500 square meters, and can seat 1,272 individuals. The design of the Lok Sabha Chamber is inspired by India’s national bird, the Peacock. The project encompasses the construction of the Parliament building, a Common Central Secretariat, and the renovation of the Rajpath, with a total cost of around 970 crore rupees. The architect behind this project is Bimal Patel.

Q.: Who is the architect of the New Parliament Building?

a) Raj Pal Reval
b) Bimal Patel
c) Anupama S Kundoo
d) B V Doshi

Ans : b) Bimal Patel

‘one-nation, one-election’, Govt forms Ram Nath Kovind-headed committee to explore possibility Lok Sabha and assembly elections simultaneously

The central government of India has established a committee led by former President Ram Nath Kovind on 1 September 2023. The committee’s purpose is to examine the feasibility of conducting Lok Sabha (parliamentary) and assembly elections simultaneously across the country.

  1. The government has called for a special session of Parliament to be held between September 18 and 22, with the agenda remaining undisclosed.
  2. Assembly elections are scheduled in five states, namely Mizoram, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, and Rajasthan, in November-December. These are expected to be followed by the Lok Sabha elections in May-June of the following year.
  3. Recent government actions have raised the possibility of advancing both the general elections and some state polls, which were originally scheduled to coincide with the Lok Sabha contest.
  4. The assemblies of Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh are currently slated to hold elections concurrently with the Lok Sabha elections.

Q.: Who is heading the committee established by the central government to explore the possibilities of conducting simultaneous Lok Sabha and assembly elections in India?

a) Prime Minister Narendra Modi
b) Ram Nath Kovind
c) Amit Shah
d) Rahul Gandhi

Ans : b) Ram Nath Kovind

Special Session of Parliament from 18-22 September 2023

The government has decided to call a Special Session of Parliament from September 18 to 22 and it will have five sittings.  The information was given by Parliamentary Affairs Minister Pralhad Joshi.

There is no official word on the agenda of the session yet, however there is speculation that, this special session may see bills for ‘One Nation, One Election’, Uniform Civil Code and women’s reservation.

Q.: Who is the current Parliamentary Affairs Minister ?

A) Pralhad Joshi
B) Narendra Modi
C) Amit Shah
D) Rajnath Singh

Ans : A) Pralhad Joshi

IPC, CrPC and Evidence Act to be Replaced by Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nyay Prakriya Sanhita and Bharatiya Sakshya Sanhita

The Centre has introduced three new bills in the Lok Sabha that propose a complete overhaul of the country’s criminal justice system on 11 August 2023. The three bills are set to replace the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860; the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973 and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

The new bills are:

  • Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023: This bill aims to replace the IPC and introduce new offences and punishments, such as life imprisonment for rape, death penalty for terrorism, and imprisonment for cybercrimes.
  • Bharatiya Nyay Prakriya Sanhita, 2023: This bill aims to replace the CrPC and simplify the criminal procedure, such as reducing the number of witnesses, allowing video conferencing, and expediting trials.
  • Bharatiya Sakshya Sanhita, 2023: This bill aims to replace the Indian Evidence Act and update the rules of evidence, such as allowing electronic evidence, DNA evidence, and narco-analysis.

The bills have been referred to the Parliamentary Standing Committee for further scrutiny.

Q.: Which bill proposes to replace the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860?

A) Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
B) Bharatiya Nyay Prakriya Sanhita, 2023
C) Bharatiya Sakshya Sanhita, 2023
D) None of the above

Ans : A) Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023

Monsoon session of Parliament ended on 11 August 2023 with both the Houses being adjourned sine die

The Monsoon session of Parliament ended on 11 August 2023 with both the Houses being adjourned sine die amid ruckus by the opposition over the suspension of 12 Rajya Sabha MPs. The session witnessed frequent disruptions and protests over various issues, including the Manipur violence, the Pegasus snooping row, and the farm laws.

The government and the opposition blamed each other for not allowing a discussion on the Manipur situation, where ethnic clashes have claimed several lives and displaced thousands of people. Prime Minister Narendra Modi accused the opposition of playing politics with Manipur and said that the country stands with the state in this difficult time.

The session also saw the passage of 22 bills, including the Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Seventh Amendment) Bill, 2021, which restores the power of states to identify their own backward classes, and the Taxation Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2021, which scraps the retrospective tax provision.

What is Adjournment sine die ?

Adjournment sine die means terminating a sitting of Parliament for an indefinite period, without naming a day for reassembly. The power of adjournment sine die lies with the presiding officer of the House

Q.: What is the term used for terminating a sitting of Parliament for an indefinite period, without naming a day for reassembly?

A) Adjournment motion
B) Adjournment sine die
C) Prorogation
D) Dissolution

Answer: B) Adjournment sine die

Parliament passed the Central Goods and Services Tax (Amendment) Bill, 2023, and the Integrated Goods and Services Tax (Amendment) Bill, 2023

Parliament passed the Central Goods and Services Tax (Amendment) Bill, 2023, and the Integrated Goods and Services Tax (Amendment) Bill, 2023 on 11 August 2023. The Central Goods and Services Tax (Amendment) Bill, 2023 amends the Central Goods and Services Tax Act 2017.

  1. The Integrated Goods and Services Tax (Amendment) Bill, 2023 amends the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act 2017.
  2. The Central Goods and Services Tax (Amendment) Bill, 2023 defines terms like online gaming, online money gaming, and virtual digital assets.
  3. Online gaming refers to offering games on the internet or electronic networks, including money gaming.
  4. Online money gaming involves players paying or depositing money, including virtual digital assets, with the expectation of winning money.
  5. The Integrated Goods and Services Tax (Amendment) Bill, 2023 excludes online money gaming from the definition of online information and data access or retrieval services.
  6. The GST Council recommended a 28 percent tax on the full face value of bets in Casinos, Horse racing, and Online gaming during its 50th meeting held the previous month.

Q.: What does the Central Goods and Services Tax (Amendment) Bill, 2023 define?

a) Definitions of agricultural products
b) Definitions of export and import duties
c) Expressions of online gaming, online money gaming, and virtual digital assets
d) Regulations for e-commerce platforms

Ans : c) Expressions of online gaming, online money gaming, and virtual digital assets

No Confidence Motion against NDA Government defeated in Lok Sabha

No-confidence motion against NDA government led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi defeated in Lok Sabha on 10 August 2023.

  1. NDA’s comfortable victory with a voice vote after over 12 hours of debate.
  2. Opposition accuses government of failing on promises regarding farmers’ distress, unemployment, price rise, corruption, and communal violence.
  3. Government defends achievements in infrastructure, health, education, defence, and social welfare.
  4. Prime Minister assures support for Manipur and efforts to address the situation.
  5. Opposition parties supporting the motion include Congress, TMC, SP, BSP, RJD, NCP, AAP, CPI(M), CPI, AIMIM, and DMK.
  6. Parties opposing the motion include BJP, Shiv Sena, JD(U), AIADMK, BJD, TRS, and YSRCP.
  7. Congress president Rahul Gandhi attacks Prime Minister on various issues and creates a stir by hugging him.
  8. Prime Minister responds by accusing opposition of spreading lies and fear, lacking vision for development, and emphasizing his government’s work for welfare and progress in India.

Q.: How did the NDA defeat the no-confidence motion in the Lok Sabha?

A) By a voice vote
B) By a division vote
C) By a walkout
D) By a secret ballot

Ans : A) By a voice vote

Indian Parliament Passes Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023

On August 9, 2023, the Indian Parliament passed the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023, with approval from both the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha.

  • The Bill focuses on processing digital personal data while respecting individuals’ right to protect their data and the lawful need for data processing.
  • Personal data can be processed based on individual consent and for specific legitimate purposes.
  • The Data Protection Board of India will be established under the Bill to handle personal data breaches and impose penalties.
  • Penalties for breaches will be determined based on breach factors like nature, gravity, duration, and type of affected personal data.
  • Individuals have the right to correct, complete, update, and erase their personal data if previously consented.
  • The Bill resulted from thorough consultations with stakeholders and covers aspects like storage limits, data safeguarding, and accountability.
  • The Data Protection Board will be independent and comprise experts in the field.
  • The Bill uses inclusive language (“she” and “her” instead of “he” and “his”).
  • The language of the Bill is designed to be understandable to the general public.
  • The Bill does not undermine the provisions of the RTI (Right to Information) Act.

Q.: What is the main focus of the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023?

a) Regulating social media platforms
b) Ensuring free access to digital services
c) Protecting individuals’ personal data and enabling lawful data processing
d) Promoting digital entrepreneurship

Ans : c) Protecting individuals’ personal data and enabling lawful data processing

Parliament Passes Inter-Services Organisation (Command, Control and Discipline) Bill – 2023

The Inter-Services Organisation (Command, Control and Discipline) Bill – 2023 has been passed by the Parliament on 8 August 2023. Inter-Services Organizations are formed to enhance integrated functioning among the three services. The purpose of the bill is to strengthen discipline in the armed forces and boost morale.

  1. The bill empowers the Officer-in-Command of Inter-services Organisations to exercise disciplinary and administrative control over service personnel under their command, regardless of their service.
  2. The bill applies to regular Army, Navy, and Air Force personnel, as well as individuals from other forces attached to Inter-Services Organisations as notified by the Central Government.
  3. The Central Government can establish Inter-services Organisations comprising personnel from at least two of the three services.
  4. Raksha Mantri Rajnath Singh emphasized the need for better coordination among the Army, Navy, and Air Force to address new challenges.
  5. Timely disciplinary and administrative actions are advocated without discrimination of service within Inter-Services Organisations.
  6. The bill grants enhanced disciplinary and administrative powers to the heads of Inter-Services Organisations to ensure effective Command, Control, and Discipline.

Q.: What is the primary focus of the Inter-Services Organisation (Command, Control and Discipline) Bill – 2023?

a) Enhancing inter-service competition
b) Strengthening discipline in the armed forces
c) Expanding military personnel recruitment
d) Promoting international cooperation

Ans : b) Strengthening discipline in the armed forces

Parliament Passes Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Bill 2023

Parliament has passed the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Bill 2023, with Rajya Sabha’s approval on 7 August 2023.

  • The approval in Rajya Sabha was granted through a vote, with 131 MPs supporting the bill and 102 MPs opposing it.
  • The Bill had previously been passed in the Lok Sabha the week before.
  • The primary purpose of the bill is to amend the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act 1991.
  • It grants the Central Government the authority to establish regulations related to the governance of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. This includes matters such as the functions, terms, and conditions of service for officers and employees.
  • The bill introduces the concept of the National Capital Civil Service Authority.
  • The Authority is comprised of the Delhi Chief Minister, the Chief Secretary of Delhi, and the Principal Home Secretary of Delhi.
  • The Authority’s responsibilities encompass making recommendations to the Delhi Lieutenant Governor concerning the transfer, posting, and disciplinary issues involving officials.
  • The Centre had previously issued an ordinance on this subject in May of the same year.

Q.: What is the main purpose of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Bill 2023?
a) To establish a new political party in Delhi
b) To amend the Indian Constitution
c) To empower the Central Government to make rules for Delhi’s administration
d) To grant more powers to the local government in Delhi

Ans : c) To empower the Central Government to make rules for Delhi’s administration

Rahul Gandhi’s Lok Sabha Membership Restored Following Supreme Court Decision

The Lok Sabha Secretariat on 7 August 2023 has reinstated Rahul Gandhi’s membership in the Lower House of the Indian Parliament.

  • This decision comes after the Supreme Court issued a stay on Rahul Gandhi’s conviction in a criminal defamation case.
  • Rahul Gandhi is a member of the Lok Sabha and represents the Wayanad constituency in Kerala.
  • Earlier this year, in March, he was disqualified from the Lok Sabha due to the conviction.
  • Following the restoration of his Lok Sabha membership, Rahul Gandhi promptly arrived at Parliament and paid his respects by offering floral tributes at the statue of Mahatma Gandhi within the Parliament House complex.

Q.: Why was Rahul Gandhi disqualified from the Lok Sabha earlier this year?
a) He was involved in a corruption scandal.
b) He was found guilty of criminal defamation.
c) He voluntarily resigned from his position.
d) He violated parliamentary ethics and rules.

Ans : b) He was found guilty of criminal defamation.

Parliament Passes Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill to Encourage Private Sector Exploration

The Parliament passed the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, with approval from both Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha on 2nd August 2023. The Bill aims to encourage the private sector’s involvement in the exploration of critical and deep-seated minerals.

  1. It amends the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, which governs the mining sector.
  2. The Bill introduces exploration licenses specifically for deep-seated and critical minerals, which are difficult and expensive to explore, including gold, silver, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, cobalt, platinum group of minerals, and diamonds.
  3. The proposed exploration license is meant to incentivize and facilitate private sector participation in mineral exploration.
  4. The Bill removes six minerals from the list of 12 atomic minerals, which were previously reserved for government entities. Their exploration and mining will now be open to the private sector as well.
  5. The Bill empowers the Central Government to exclusively auction mining leases and composite licenses for certain critical minerals.
  6. Parliamentary Affairs Minister Pralhad Joshi emphasized that the Bill is crucial for India to become the third-largest economy and reduce reliance on imports of precious and critical minerals.
  7. The Bill is seen as a game-changer for the mining sector and aims to bring more transparency to the industry.

Question: What is the main objective of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill?

A) To increase government control over the mining sector
B) To allow government entities exclusive rights for mining deep-seated minerals
C) To encourage private sector participation in the exploration of critical and deep-seated minerals
D) To remove atomic minerals from the list and limit exploration of minerals

Answer: C) To encourage private sector participation in the exploration of critical and deep-seated minerals.

Monsoon Session of Indian Parliament from 20 July to 11 August 2023

The Monsoon Session of Indian Parliament for 2023 began on July 20th and will continue until August 11th. The Monsoon Session of the Indian Parliament is one of the three sessions conducted each year. The other two are the Budget session (February to May) and the Winter session (November to December). 

During this session, the government is expected to bring 31 bills. The Opposition parties are likely to focus on issues such as Manipur violence, railway safety, unemployment, inflation, India-China border, Uniform Civil Code (UCC) and trade balance. 

Q.: Which of the following sessions is not one of the three sessions of the Indian Parliament?

a) Monsoon session
b) Winter session
c) Spring session
d) Budget session

Ans : c) Spring session

National Panchayat Awards Week from 17 to 21st April 2023.

The Ministry of Panchayati Raj will celebrate National Panchayat Awards Week from 17 to 21st April 2023.

President Droupadi Murmu will inaugurate the National Panchayat Awards Week and confer the National Panchayat Awards at the ‘National Conference on Incentivisation of Panchayats-cum-Award Ceremony’ in New Delhi.

Thematic conferences based on the theme of “Panchayaton ke Sankalpon ki Siddhi ka Utsav” will be organized during the week celebrations.

Under the series, five National Conferences covering nine themes under Localisation of Sustainable Development Goals through Panchayati Raj Institutions and Way Forward for 2047 will be organized during the Week Celebrations.

Union Minister of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Giriraj Singh, Union Minister of State for Panchayati Raj Kapil Moreshwar Patil, and Union Minister of State for Rural Development Faggan Singh Kulaste will attend the event.

Q: When will the Ministry of Panchayati Raj celebrate the National Panchayat Awards Week?
a) 21 to 24 April
b) 22 to 28 April
c) 17 to 21 April
d) 15 to 19 March

Ans : c) 17 to 21 April

New Data Protection Bill to be Introduced in Monsoon Session of Parliament

  • Centre government informs Supreme Court on 11th April 2023, that a new data protection bill is ready and will be introduced in the Monsoon session of Parliament.
  • Attorney General R Venkatramani informs a Constitution bench headed by Justice KM Joseph that the bill is ready.
  • The bench comprising justices Ajay Rastogi, Aniruddha Bose, Hrishikesh Roy, and C T Ravikumar takes note of the submission.
  • The matter is directed to be placed before Chief Justice DY Chandrachud so that a new bench can be constituted as Justice Joseph is set to retire on June 16.
  • The matter has been posted for hearing in the first week of August 2023.
  • Senior advocate Shyam Divan, appearing for the petitioners, submits that the court should not link the court hearings to the legislative process.
  • Divan states that the legislative process is complex and it may be again referred to some committees.

Question : Presently, Who is the Attorney General of India ?
a) R Venkatramani
b) Soli Jehangir Sorabjee
c) Mukul Rohatgi
d) DY Chandrachud

Ans : a) R Venkatramani

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