Today Current Affairs MCQs : 19 April 2025

Q. On which date were the Gita and Natyashastra added to UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register?

A) April 15, 2024
B) April 20, 2025
C) April 17, 2025
D) April 17, 2024

Show Answer
Answer: c) April 17, 2025
The Shrimad Bhagavad Gita, a noted Hindu scripture, and the Natyashastra, an Indian treatise on performing arts, have been included in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register on April 17, 2025.

Q. Who is attributed as the author of the Natyashastra?

A) Lord Krishna
B) Sage Valmiki
C) Sage Bharat Muni
D) Ved Vyasa

Show Answer
Answer: c) Sage Bharat Muni
The Natyashastra, attributed to the sage Bharat Muni, is a foundational treatise on Indian performing arts, encompassing theatre, dance, and music.

Q. Who won India’s first-ever gold medal at the Asian U18 Athletics Championships in javelin throw?

A) Devak Bhusan
B) Aarti
C) Himanshu Jakhar
D) Mohammad Alduaij

Show Answer
Answer: C) Himanshu Jakhar
Himanshu Jakhar made history by winning India’s first-ever gold medal at the Asian U18 Athletics Championships in the men’s javelin throw held in Dammam, Saudi Arabia.

Q. Who is the Indian astronaut set to travel to the International Space Station (ISS) in May 2025?

A) Rakesh Sharma
B) Shubhanshu Shukla
C) Jitendra Singh
D) Gaganyaan Sharma

Show Answer
Answer: B) Shubhanshu Shukla
Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla of the Indian Air Force will fly to the International Space Station (ISS) in May 2025 as part of the Axiom Space mission, Ax-4.

Q. Book ‘Sanskriti Ka Panchva Adhyay’, launched on 18 April 2025, is about?

A) India’s freedom struggle
B) Compilation of speeches by Prime Minister Narendra Modi
C) Teachings of ancient saints
D) History of Indian temples

Show Answer
Answer: B) Compilation of speeches by Prime Minister Narendra Modi
A book titled Sanskriti Ka Panchva Adhyay, a compilation of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s speeches, was launched in New Delhi on 18 April 2025.

Book ‘Sanskriti Ka Panchva Adhyay’ a compilation of PM Modi’s speeches, launched in New Delhi

A book titled Sanskriti Ka Panchva Adhyay, a compilation of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s speeches, was launched in New Delhi on 18 April 2025.

The book was released by Acharya Mahamandaleshwar Swami Avdheshanand Giri, head of the Juna Akhara, and the event was presided over by Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman Harivansh.

Key highlights:

  • The book reflects PM Modi’s commitment to preserving India’s culture, traditions, and spiritual values.
  • Harivansh praised the Prime Minister’s role in safeguarding India’s cultural heritage.
  • Swami Avdheshanand Giri noted that since 2014, there has been innovation and a cultural transformation across India.
  • He emphasized that cultural topics are now discussed with more depth and pride in the country.

Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla to Fly to ISS on Axiom’s Ax-4 Mission

India is set to make history as Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla of the Indian Air Force will fly to the International Space Station (ISS) in May 2025 as part of the Axiom Space mission, Ax-4.

Minister of State for Space and Atomic Energy, Dr. Jitendra Singh, announced this after a high-level meeting in New Delhi, highlighting it as a major milestone in India’s space journey.

Himanshu Jakhar wins Gold in U-18 Asian Athletics Championships in Javelin Throw Saudi Arabia

Himanshu Jakhar made history by winning India’s first-ever gold medal at the Asian U18 Athletics Championships in the men’s javelin throw held in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. His throw of 67.57 meters, although below his personal best of 74.56 meters, secured the top spot on the podium.

With this, India ended the championship with 11 medals: 1 Gold, 5 Silver and 5 Bronze

Other key performances:

  • Devak Bhusan won silver in men’s high jump with a leap of 2.03 meters, behind Kuwait’s Mohammad Alduaij (2.05 meters).
  • Aarti won bronze in women’s 200m (22.41 seconds) and had earlier claimed bronze in the 100m.
  • The men’s medley relay team (Chiranth P, Sayed Sabeer, Saket Minj, Kadir Khan) secured silver, finishing in 1:52.15, behind China.
  • The women’s medley relay team did not finish due to a baton drop.

Gita and Natyashastra included in UNESCO’s Memory of World Register

The Shrimad Bhagavad Gita, a noted Hindu scripture, and the Natyashastra, an Indian treatise on performing arts, have been included in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register on April 17, 2025. This recognition highlights their exceptional universal value and profound impact on human civilization.

The Bhagavad Gita, a sacred dialogue between Lord Krishna and Arjuna, is a cornerstone of India’s spiritual and philosophical traditions. Comprising 700 verses, it addresses profound questions about duty, selflessness, and devotion, synthesizing elements from Vedic, Buddhist, Jain, and Carvaka traditions. Its teachings have inspired countless individuals and scholars worldwide.

The Natyashastra, attributed to the sage Bharat Muni, is a foundational treatise on Indian performing arts, encompassing theatre, dance, and music. It has shaped classical art traditions for centuries and remains a guiding text for artists and scholars. Its insights into aesthetics and performance continue to influence the global artistic community.

With this addition, India now has 14 entries in the prestigious Memory of the World Register.  

Nobel Prize Winners 2024 – Download PDF List for Competitive Exams

Looking for the Nobel Prize 2024 winners list in Hindi and English in a quick, easy-to-download format? You’ve landed at the right place! This blog gives you the complete list of Nobel Prize Winners 2024 along with a free downloadable PDF – perfect for your current affairs and general awareness prep.

Whether you’re preparing for UPSC, SSC, Banking, Railway, Defence, or any other competitive exam, knowing the latest Nobel Prize winners is a must.


🏅 What are the Nobel Prizes?

The Nobel Prizes are among the world’s most prestigious international awards, given annually in recognition of outstanding achievements in:

  • Peace
  • Literature
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Medicine (Physiology)
  • Economic Sciences

These awards are announced by different Nobel Committees based in Sweden and Norway.


📝 Nobel Prize Winners 2024 – Category-wise List

Here’s a quick overview of the 2024 Nobel Prize winners by category:

CategoryWinner(s)
PeaceJapanese atomic bomb survivors’ group Nihon Hidankyo
LiteratureHan Kang
PhysicsJohn H. Hopfield and Geoffrey E. Hinton
ChemistryDavid Baker, John Jumper, and Demis Hassabis
MedicineVictor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun
EconomicsDaron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson

👉 Note: Full details with descriptions are available in the downloadable PDF below.


📥 Download Nobel Prize Winners 2024 PDF

For your convenience, we’ve compiled the entire list in a well-formatted PDF that you can download, print, or save for future reference.

PDF : Nobel Prize Winners 2024
List with Photo and Brief description
Medium : Hindi and English
Pages: 13

🔗 Click Here to Download – Nobel Prize 2024 PDF


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Static GK PDF 2025 – Free Download for Competitive Exams

Get your hands on the Static General Knowledge (GK) PDF 2025 – specially curated for students and aspirants preparing for competitive exams like UPSC, SSC, Banking, Railway, Defence, and more. This PDF covers topic-wise Static GK and General Awareness, making it easier to study and revise key subjects.

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  • Superlatives of India
  • Superlatives of the World
  • First in the World
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks in India
  • Sports Terminology
  • State-wise Indian Dances
  • Rivers of India
  • Dams in India (with River and State)
  • Stadiums in India
  • Mountain Peaks in India
  • Thermal Power Plants in India
  • Famous Museums in India
  • Major Sea Ports of India
  • Waterfalls in India
  • International Airports in India
  • Biosphere Reserves in India
  • 50 Famous Temples in India
  • Major Crops and Producing States
  • Famous Indian Personalities and their Nicknames
  • Nicknames of Sports Personalities
  • Space Centres and Agencies in India
  • Important Full Forms
  • International Boundary Lines
  • Important Institutions in India
  • Countries and their Parliaments
  • Major Awards and their Fields
  • Inventions and Inventors List
  • Famous Books and Authors
  • Famous Gardens in India
  • Important Forts of India
  • Bilateral Military Exercises of Indian Armed Forces
  • Nobel Prize Winners 2024

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Pages: 169
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Today Current Affairs MCQs : 18 April 2025

Q. When is World Heritage Day celebrated every year?

A) April 22
B) April 10
C) April 18
D) March 18

Show Answer
Correct Answer: C) April 18
World Heritage Day, celebrated every April 18, honors the cultural and natural treasures recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Q. Which hospital is ranked in the top 100 of the World’s Best Hospitals 2024 list?

A) PGIMER, Chandigarh
B) A private hospital in Gurgaon
C) AIIMS, New Delhi
D) Apollo Hospital, Chennai

Show Answer
Correct Answer: C) AIIMS, New Delhi
AIIMS, New Delhi, has been ranked the 97th best hospital in the world in the World’s Best Hospitals 2024 list by Newsweek and Statista.

Q. What was the original name of the CRPF when it was established in 1939?

A) National Police Force
B) Crown Representative Police
C) Royal Indian Constabulary
D) Federal Security Force

Show Answer
Answer: B) Crown Representative Police
The 86th Raising Day of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) was celebrated on April 17, 2025, in Neemuch, Madhya Pradesh, the birthplace of the CRPF.

CRPF Celebrates 86th Raising Day in Neemuch, Madhya Pradesh

The 86th Raising Day of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) was celebrated on April 17, 2025, in Neemuch, Madhya Pradesh, the birthplace of the CRPF. This day marks the establishment of the CRPF, originally formed as the Crown Representative Police on July 27, 1939, and renamed as the CRPF on December 28, 1949, under the leadership of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

Union Home Minister Amit Shah, the chief guest at the event, highlighted the CRPF’s pivotal role in maintaining internal security, combating terrorism, and eradicating Naxalism. He announced that Naxalism, which has been confined to just four districts, will be completely eliminated by March 31, 2026, with the CRPF, especially its elite CoBRA battalion, leading the mission.

The celebrations included a ceremonial parade, mock drills, and skill displays by CRPF personnel, showcasing their preparedness and dedication. Tributes were paid to the fallen heroes who sacrificed their lives for the nation’s unity and integrity.

The CRPF, with over 246 battalions, continues to play a vital role in ensuring peace and security across the country, from counter-terrorism operations in Jammu and Kashmir to maintaining order in the Northeast.

AIIMS New Delhi Ranked Among World’s Top Hospitals in 2024

AIIMS, New Delhi, has been ranked the 97th best hospital in the world in the World’s Best Hospitals 2024 list by Newsweek and Statista. This recognition reflects AIIMS’s excellence in healthcare, research, and affordable treatment.

The ranking evaluated over 2,400 hospitals across 30 countries, based on patient satisfaction, clinical outcomes, hygiene standards, and expert recommendations.

Other Indian hospitals on the list include:

  • PGIMER, Chandigarh at 228th rank
  • A private hospital in Gurgaon at 146th rank

These rankings underscore India’s growing global presence in healthcare.

World Heritage Day : April 18

World Heritage Day, celebrated every April 18, honors the cultural and natural treasures recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It aims to raise awareness about preserving landmarks, traditions, and ecosystems of global significance.

Each year, the theme changes to spotlight different aspects of heritage conservation. Across the world, people mark the day with heritage walks, exhibitions, workshops, and cultural events, promoting the value of protecting our shared history.

India, with iconic sites like the Taj Mahal, Jaipur City, and the Sundarbans, actively engages in the celebrations, showcasing its diverse heritage.

Heritage goes beyond monuments—it includes languages, customs, and traditions that shape our identity. The day encourages everyone to reflect on their role in preserving cultural diversity.

General Knowledge Book PDF 2025

General Knowledge Book PDF 2025 – Free Download for Competitive Exams

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Medieval India

  • Provincial Kingdoms
  • Mughal Empire
  • Later Mughals & Rise of Marathas

Modern India

  • Arrival of Europeans
  • Governor-Generals & Viceroys of India
  • Revolt of 1857
  • Indian National Movements

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  • Classical Dance Forms
  • Indian Musical Instruments & Artists

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World Geography

  • Universe & Solar System
  • Rocks, Landforms, and Atmosphere
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Indian Geography

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  • Important Lakes, Rivers & River Projects
  • Natural Vegetation & Forests
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Environment & Ecology

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  • Constitution: Framing & Key Features
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Physics

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Chemistry

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Biology

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  • Diseases: Viral & Bacterial
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💻 COMPUTER AWARENESS

  • Basic Computer Components
  • Memory Types
  • Frequently Used Terms in IT

🌐 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE & CURRENT AFFAIRS

  • First in the World & India
  • Superlatives (Tallest, Largest, Longest, etc.)
  • Countries, Capitals & Currencies
  • Famous Books & Authors
  • Major Awards & Honours
  • Indian Defence System
  • Important Days & Dates
  • Abbreviations
  • Major World Religions & Newspapers

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  • Title: General Knowledge 2025
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Arihant GK 2025 PDF – Free Download (English & Hindi)

Arihant GK 2025 : General Knowledge book PDF – Free Download (English & Hindi)

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LanguageEnglish & Hindi
FormatPDF
Useful forSSC, UPSC, Bank, Railways, Defence, etc.
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Edition2025 and 2020
Pages160 and 303

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Today Current Affairs MCQs : 17 April 2025

Q. In which event did Inder Singh Suruchi and Saurabh Chaudhary win the gold medal at the ISSF World Cup 2025?

A) 10m Air Rifle Mixed Team
B) 10m Air Pistol Mixed Team
C) 25m Pistol Mixed Team
D) 50m Rifle Prone Mixed Team

Show Answer
Answer: B) 10m Air Pistol Mixed Team
At the ISSF World Cup 2025 in Lima, Peru, the Indian duo Inder Singh Suruchi and Saurabh Chaudhary won the gold medal in the 10m Air Pistol Mixed Team event.

Q. Who has been recommended as the 52nd Chief Justice of India, with effect from May 14, 2025?

A) Justice Sanjiv Khanna
B) Justice K.G. Balakrishnan
C) Justice B.R. Gavai
D) Justice D.Y. Chandrachud

Show Answer
Answer: C) Justice B.R. Gavai
Justice B.R. Gavai recommended as the next Chief Justice of India (CJI) by current CJI Sanjiv Khanna, who retires on May 13, 2025. Justice Gavai, the second-most senior Supreme Court judge, will be sworn in as the 52nd CJI on May 14, 2025.

Q. The 6th edition of Exercise DUSTLIK, conducted in April 2025 at Pune, was held between which two countries?

A) India and Kazakhstan
B) India and Uzbekistan
C) India and Russia
D) India and Kyrgyzstan

Show Answer
Answer: B) India and Uzbekistan
The 6th edition of India-Uzbekistan Joint Military Exercise DUSTLIK-6 began on 16 April 2025 at the Foreign Training Node, Aundh, Pune, Maharashtra.

Q. On which train has Indian Railways introduced the first-ever onboard ATM in April 2025?

A) Deccan Queen
B) Panchvati Express
C) Shatabdi Express
D) Rajdhani Express

Show Answer
Answer: B) Panchvati Express
Indian Railways has introduced the first-ever onboard ATM on the Panchvati Express running between Manmad and CSMT, Mumbai, as part of a pilot project.

India’s First Onboard ATM Installed on Panchvati Express

Indian Railways has introduced the first-ever onboard ATM on the Panchvati Express running between Manmad and CSMT, Mumbai, as part of a pilot project. The ATM, installed in an air-conditioned chair car coach, was created by converting a mini pantry space with secure fittings and safety measures.

The initiative, led by Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw, aims to enhance passenger convenience and explore new sources of non-fare revenue. If successful, similar ATMs may be introduced on other long-distance and high-traffic trains.

India-Uzbekistan Joint Military Exercise DUSTLIK-6 Begins in Pune

The 6th edition of India-Uzbekistan Joint Military Exercise DUSTLIK-6 began on 16 April 2025 at the Foreign Training Node, Aundh, Pune, Maharashtra. The Indian contingent, represented by a JAT Regiment battalion and the Indian Air Force, is participating alongside personnel from the Uzbekistan Army.

This annual bilateral exercise, held alternately in India and Uzbekistan, aims to strengthen defence cooperation and share best practices in Joint Sub-Conventional Operations. The exercise will continue until 28 April 2025.

Justice B.R. Gavai to Become the 52nd Chief Justice of India

Justice B.R. Gavai recommended as the next Chief Justice of India (CJI) by current CJI Sanjiv Khanna, who retires on May 13, 2025. Justice Gavai, the second-most senior Supreme Court judge, will be sworn in as the 52nd CJI on May 14, 2025.

Born in Amravati, Maharashtra, on November 24, 1960, Justice Gavai began his legal career in 1985 and joined the Supreme Court on May 24, 2019. He played key roles in landmark cases, including those on Article 370 abrogation, electoral bonds, and demonetisation.

He will be the second Dalit Chief Justice of India, after Justice K.G. Balakrishnan. His tenure will end on November 23, 2025. Known for his work in constitutional, administrative, and environmental law, Justice Gavai’s appointment reflects deep judicial experience and dedication to justice.

Wildlife Sanctuaries & National Parks MCQ PDF

Wildlife Sanctuaries & National Parks GK MCQ PDF – भारत के राष्ट्रीय उद्यान और वन्यजीव अभयारण्य प्रश्नोत्तरी (Hindi & English) | Free Download

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🌿 What’s Included in the Wildlife & National Parks GK PDF?

This PDF includes a rich collection of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) based on:

  • Important National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India
  • Location-based questions (State-wise)
  • Famous animals associated with parks
  • UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India related to wildlife
  • Latest additions and changes in protected areas
  • Questions from previous year competitive exams

Features of this PDF:

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  • 📘 100+ MCQs with answers and explanations
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📥 Download Wildlife Sanctuaries & National Parks MCQ PDF – English

Get access to exam-relevant questions on India’s National Parks and Sanctuaries in English.

👉 Download Wildlife Sanctuaries MCQ PDF – English


📥 डाउनलोड करें भारत के राष्ट्रीय उद्यान और अभयारण्य प्रश्नोत्तरी – हिंदी में

हिंदी माध्यम के छात्रों के लिए विशेष रूप से तैयार, वन्यजीव और राष्ट्रीय उद्यान से जुड़े प्रश्न उत्तर।

👉 डाउनलोड करें Wildlife Sanctuaries MCQ PDF – हिंदी


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Sports GK MCQ PDF for Competitive Exams

Games and Sports GK MCQ PDF – खेलकूद सामान्य ज्ञान प्रश्न उत्तर (Hindi & English) | Free Download

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🏆 What’s Inside the Sports & Games GK PDF?

This PDF contains a wide collection of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) based on:

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📥 डाउनलोड करें खेल और कूद सामान्य ज्ञान प्रश्नोत्तरी – हिंदी में

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Today Current Affairs MCQs : 16 April 2025

Q. Who won the Freestyle Chess Grand Slam 2025?

a) Hikaru Nakamura
b) Fabiano Caruana
c) Magnus Carlsen
d) Arjun Erigaisi

Show Answer
Answer: c) Magnus Carlsen
World number one Magnus Carlsen of Norway won the Freestyle Chess Grand Slam 2025 in Paris by defeating American GM Hikaru Nakamura 1.5-0.5, earning $200,000.

Q. What is the forecast for the Southwest Monsoon in India for 2025?

a) Below normal rainfall
b) Normal rainfall
c) Above normal rainfall
d) No rainfall

Show Answer
Answer: c) Above normal rainfall
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecast that the Southwest Monsoon (June–September) 2025 will bring above normal rainfall across most parts of India.

Q. Who is the Director General of IMD as of April 2025?

a) Dr. M Ravichandran
b) Dr. Ramesh Chand
c) Dr. Mrutyunjay Mohapatra
d) Dr. G. Satheesh Reddy

Show Answer
Answer: c) Dr. Mrutyunjay Mohapatra
IMD Director General Dr. Mrutyunjay Mohapatra stated that El Niño-neutral conditions are likely to prevail during the season.

Q. What is India’s Haj quota for the year 2025?

a) 1.36 lakh
b) 1.50 lakh
c) 1.75 lakh
d) 2 lakh

Show Answer
Answer: c) 1.75 lakh
India’s Haj quota has increased from 1.36 lakh in 2014 to 1.75 lakh in 2025.

Q. Which waterway is designated as National Waterway-1 (NW-1)?

a) Brahmaputra River
b) West Coast Canal
c) Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly River System
d) East Coast Canal

Show Answer
Answer: c) Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly River System
India’s National Waterways achieved a record cargo traffic of 145.5 million tonnes in the Financial Year 2024-25.

Record High Cargo Traffic on National Waterways in FY 2024-25

India’s National Waterways achieved a record cargo traffic of 145.5 million tonnes in the Financial Year 2024-25. The Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways highlighted a compound annual growth rate of 20.86% in cargo traffic during the last fiscal year. Additionally, traffic movement in FY 2025 showed a 9.34% year-on-year growth compared to FY 2024. Five major commodities—coal, iron ore, iron ore fines, sand, and fly ash—accounted for over 68% of the total cargo transported on National Waterways.

List of Important Waterways in India:

  1. National Waterway 1 (NW-1): Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly River System (1620 km) – Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal.
  2. National Waterway 2 (NW-2): Brahmaputra River (891 km) – Assam.
  3. National Waterway 3 (NW-3): West Coast Canal (205 km) – Kerala.
  4. National Waterway 4 (NW-4): Kakinada Canal and Godavari-Krishna River System (1095 km) – Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry.
  5. National Waterway 5 (NW-5): Brahmani-Mahanadi Delta Rivers (623 km) – Odisha, West Bengal.

India’s Haj Quota Rises to 1.75 Lakh in 2025, Over 1.22 Lakh Pilgrims Under Main Quota

India’s Haj quota has increased from 1.36 lakh in 2014 to 1.75 lakh in 2025, according to the Ministry of Minority Affairs. In a post on 15 April 2025, the Ministry stated that it is coordinating arrangements for over 1.22 lakh pilgrims this year through the Haj Committee of India under the main quota.

All preparations, including flights, transport, Mina camps, accommodation, and services, have been completed following Saudi Arabian guidelines. The remaining quota has been allocated to private tour operators, and in accordance with new Saudi regulations, over 800 operators have been merged into 26 Combined Haj Group Operators and assigned quotas in advance.

IMD Predicts Above Normal Monsoon for 2025

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecast that the Southwest Monsoon (June–September) 2025 will bring above normal rainfall across most parts of India. However, below normal rainfall is expected in some areas of the North-East, North-West, and South Peninsular India.

IMD Director General Dr. Mrutyunjay Mohapatra stated that El Niño-neutral conditions are likely to prevail during the season. He also noted that northern hemisphere and Eurasian snow cover from January to March 2025 was below normal. Additionally, Dr. M Ravichandran, Secretary of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, warned that heatwave conditions in May and June 2025 are expected to occur twice as frequently as last year.

Magnus Carlsen Wins Freestyle Chess Grand Slam 2025 in Paris

World number one Magnus Carlsen of Norway won the Freestyle Chess Grand Slam 2025 in Paris by defeating American GM Hikaru Nakamura 1.5-0.5, earning $200,000. Nakamura secured second place with $140,000. Fabiano Caruana beat Vincent Keymer for third place, winning $100,000 and a spot in the Las Vegas Grand Slam.

Indian GM Arjun Erigaisi claimed fifth place with a 1.5-0.5 win over France’s Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, earning $50,000. Arjun will next compete at the Grenke Freestyle Open starting April 17.

Freshwater vs Saltwater Ecosystems: Key Differences Explained

Nature is home to a wide variety of ecosystems, each supporting unique life forms. Among the most essential are freshwater and saltwater ecosystems. While they both play critical roles in the environment, they differ greatly in their composition, biodiversity, and function.

In this article, we’ll explore the differences between freshwater and saltwater ecosystems, their characteristics, and why they are vital for life on Earth.


🌊 What Is an Ecosystem?

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with their environment. These systems include both biotic (plants, animals, microorganisms) and abiotic (water, soil, sunlight) components that work together in balance.

Ecosystems can be:

  • Terrestrial (land-based)
  • Aquatic (water-based)

This article focuses on aquatic ecosystems, specifically comparing freshwater and saltwater types.


💧 What Are Freshwater Ecosystems?

Freshwater ecosystems contain water with low salt concentration—usually less than 1%. They are found in:

  • Rivers
  • Lakes
  • Ponds
  • Streams
  • Wetlands

Key Features of Freshwater Ecosystems:

  • Low salinity levels
  • Often surrounded by land
  • Water is constantly moving (especially in rivers and streams)
  • Smaller in size compared to oceans

Examples of Freshwater Life:

  • Frogs, turtles, freshwater fish (like trout and catfish)
  • Insects like dragonflies and mosquitoes
  • Aquatic plants such as lilies and reeds

🌊 What Are Saltwater Ecosystems?

Saltwater ecosystems, also known as marine ecosystems, include oceans and seas. They cover about 70% of Earth’s surface and contain high levels of salt—around 3.5%.

These ecosystems are found in:

  • Oceans
  • Seas
  • Coral reefs
  • Estuaries (where freshwater meets saltwater)

Key Features of Saltwater Ecosystems:

  • High salinity levels
  • Vast and deep environments
  • Tides and ocean currents
  • More stable temperatures due to size

Examples of Saltwater Life:

  • Dolphins, whales, sharks, sea turtles
  • Coral, seaweed, plankton
  • Crabs, lobsters, jellyfish

🔍 Freshwater vs Saltwater Ecosystems: A Comparison Table

FeatureFreshwater EcosystemsSaltwater Ecosystems
SalinityLow (<1%)High (~3.5%)
Main LocationsRivers, lakes, pondsOceans, seas, coral reefs
BiodiversityFewer speciesGreater species variety
Water MovementFlowing or stillTides and strong currents
Plant LifeLilies, reeds, algaeSeaweed, phytoplankton
Animal LifeFrogs, trout, insectsDolphins, whales, sharks

🌱 Why These Ecosystems Matter

Both ecosystems are crucial for:

  • Biodiversity: Providing habitats for thousands of species.
  • Climate Regulation: Oceans help regulate Earth’s temperature.
  • Water Cycle: Freshwater bodies play a key role in precipitation and irrigation.
  • Human Life: Source of drinking water, food, recreation, and livelihood.

✅ Conclusion

Understanding the differences between freshwater and saltwater ecosystems helps us appreciate the complexity and importance of Earth’s aquatic life. From the quiet banks of a river to the crashing waves of the sea, both ecosystems sustain life in powerful and interconnected ways.

Let’s do our part to protect these valuable ecosystems—because when they thrive, we all benefit.


Ocean vs Sea: Understanding the Key Differences

Discover the differences between oceans and seas, from size and depth to biodiversity and human impact. Get clarity in this easy-to-read guide!


When gazing at a world map, the vast blue expanses labeled “oceans” and “seas” might seem interchangeable. But are they really the same? While both are saltwater bodies critical to Earth’s ecosystems, oceans and seas have distinct characteristics. Let’s dive into their differences and unravel what sets them apart.

What is an Ocean?

Oceans are the planet’s largest water bodies, covering over 70% of Earth’s surface. They’re divided into five major basins:

  1. Pacific Ocean (largest and deepest)
  2. Atlantic Ocean
  3. Indian Ocean
  4. Southern Ocean
  5. Arctic Ocean (smallest and shallowest)

Oceans regulate global climate, house diverse marine life, and connect continents. Their average depth is about 3,700 meters, with the Mariana Trench in the Pacific plunging to 11,000 meters—the deepest point on Earth.

What is a Sea?

Seas are smaller, partially enclosed by land, and often located where oceans meet continents. Examples include:

  • Mediterranean Sea (connected to the Atlantic)
  • Caribbean Sea (part of the Atlantic)
  • South China Sea (marginal sea in the Pacific)

There are about 50 seas worldwide. Some, like the Sargasso Sea, are entirely ocean-bound, defined by currents rather than land.


Key Differences Between Oceans and Seas

1. Size and Scale

  • Oceans are enormous, with the Pacific spanning 165 million sq km.
  • Seas are far smaller—the largest, the Philippine Sea, covers 5 million sq km.

2. Depth

  • Oceans average 3,700 meters deep.
  • Seas are shallower; the Caribbean Sea averages 2,200 meters.

3. Location and Borders

  • Oceans are open and unbounded by land.
  • Seas are often enclosed by coastlines or island chains (e.g., the Red Sea).

4. Biodiversity

  • Seas may have richer biodiversity due to sunlight penetration and nutrient-rich coastal waters (e.g., Coral Reefs in the Arabian Sea).
  • Oceans host unique deep-sea ecosystems, like hydrothermal vent communities.

5. Human Use

  • Seas are hubs for trade, tourism, and fishing (e.g., Mediterranean trade routes).
  • Oceans facilitate global shipping and contain resources like offshore oil.

Quick Comparison Table

FeatureOceanSea
SizeLarger (e.g., Pacific)Smaller (e.g., Baltic)
DepthDeeperShallower
BordersOpen, unboundedOften land-enclosed
Number5~50
ExampleIndian OceanMediterranean Sea

FAQs About Oceans and Seas

  1. Is a sea part of an ocean?
    Yes! Most seas are sections of oceans, partially enclosed by land.
  2. Can a sea exist without an ocean?
    Rarely. The Caspian Sea is technically a lake, not a true sea.
  3. Why are some water bodies called “seas”?
    Naming often reflects historical or cultural terms (e.g., the Dead Sea, which is a salt lake).

Final Thoughts

While oceans and seas both play vital roles in Earth’s health, their differences in size, depth, and location shape how humans and ecosystems interact with them. Next time you spot a sea on a map, you’ll know it’s a smaller, land-adjacent cousin of the mighty oceans!


Geography GK MCQ PDF

Geography GK MCQ PDF in Hindi & English for Competitive Exams (SSC, UPSC, UPSSSC)

Looking to boost your preparation for competitive exams? Download free Geography GK MCQ PDFs in both Hindi and English – ideal for SSC, UPSC, UPSSSC, and other state-level exams. These PDFs contain a collection of important questions with answers from previous year papers, covering both Indian Geography and World Geography.

Whether you’re preparing for general studies or targeting geography-specific sections, these PDFs will help you practice effectively and strengthen your knowledge.

📘 What’s Inside:

  • Objective type Geography MCQs
  • Indian and World Geography topics
  • Questions from previous year exams
  • Answer keys with explanations (where available)
  • Bilingual PDFs (Hindi & English)

📥 Download Free PDFs:

These PDFs are perfect for last-minute revision and self-assessment. Stay ahead in your exam prep—download now and start practicing!

Today Current Affairs MCQs : 15 April 2025

Q. Who was one of the celebrities aboard the Blue Origin NS-31 flight, First All-Women Tourist Crew to Fly to Space with Blue Origin on 14 April 2025?

A. Taylor Swift
B. Beyoncé
C. Katy Perry
D. Rihanna

Show Answer
Answer: C. Katy Perry
On 14 April 2025, six women, including singer Katy Perry, successfully completed a short space tourism flight aboard Blue Origin’s New Shepard NS-31 spacecraft.

Q. Which state is hosting the 7th edition of Khelo India Youth Games 2025?

A. Maharashtra
B. Karnataka
C. Bihar
D. Gujarat

Show Answer
Answer: C. Bihar
Bihar will host the 7th edition of the Khelo India Youth Games 2025 from 4th to 15th May across cities like Patna, Gaya, Rajgir, Begusarai, and Bhagalpur.

Q. Who won the 2025 presidential election in Ecuador?

A. Luisa González
B. Guillermo Lasso
C. Daniel Noboa
D. Rafael Correa

Show Answer
Answer: C. Daniel Noboa
Daniel Noboa, the incumbent President of Ecuador, has won a second four-year term by securing 55.85% of the vote against his left-wing opponent, Luisa González.

Q. What is the name of the platform launched by QNu Labs for cybersecurity in April 2025?

A. Q-Guard
B. Q-Shield
C. QuantumSafe
D. QLock

Show Answer
Answer: B. Q-Shield
QNu Labs, a startup selected under the National Quantum Mission by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), has launched the world’s first platform, Q-Shield, on World Quantum Day.

QNu Labs Launches World’s First Unique Platform, Q-Shield, to Protect Critical Infrastructure

QNu Labs, a startup selected under the National Quantum Mission by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), has launched the world’s first platform, Q-Shield, on World Quantum Day. This innovative platform allows enterprises to protect critical infrastructure and manage cryptography seamlessly across various environments, including cloud, on-premises, and hybrid.

The platform offers multiple services such as Qosmos for key generation, QConnect for secured connectivity, and QVerse for secured collaboration. The launch marks another milestone in India’s journey toward global leadership in quantum technology. Incubated at IIT Madras Research Park in 2016, QNu Labs is now revolutionizing cybersecurity with quantum-safe solutions, positioning India as a key player in quantum cryptography.

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